지구 생물군에 대한 생태경제적 가치 평가

Abstract

In this study, we have classified plants and animals of terrestrial ecosystem and marine ecosystem by taxon, trophic level and habitation characteristic in order to conduct an evaluation on the emergy, storage emergy, transformity and the ecological economic value. Total annual emergy of the terrestrial plants was 1.58E+25 sej/yr which consists of 1.28E+24 sej/yr to be used by bryophyte, and 1.95E+24 sej/yr by gymnosperm, and 1.15E+25 sej/yr by angiosperms. The emergy stored in the terrestrial plants was 1.76E+26 sej, out of which 1.28E+25 sej stored in bryophyte, 4.13E+25 sej in gymnosperm, and 1.14E+26 sej in angiosperms. Total annual emergy of the terrestrial animals was 6.99E+24 sej/yr which consists of 4.76E+24 sej/yr to be used by herbivores, 4.98E+24 sej/yr by carnivores, and 2.23E+24 sej/yr by detritivore. The emergy stored in the terrestrial animals was 2.75E+24 sej, out of which 1.62E+24 sej stored in herbivores, 1.70E+24 sej in carnivores, and 1.07E+24 sej in detritivore. Total annual emergy of the marine plants was 1.58E+25 sej/yr which consists of 1.55E+25 sej/yr to be used by phytoplankton, 3.46E+23 sej/yr by seaweeds. The emergy stored in the marine plants was 2.27E+23 sej, out of which 1.19E+23 sej stored in phytoplankton, 2.76E+23 sej in seaweeds. Total annual emergy of the marine animals was 8.36E+24 sej/yr which consists of 5.34E+24 sej/yr to be used by zooplankton, 2.33E+24 sej/yr by nekton, and 1.22E+24 sej/yr by benthos. The emergy stored in the marine animals was 1.92E+24 sej, out of which 2.67E+23 sej stored in zooplankton, 1.40E+24 sej in nekton, and 6.38E+23 sej in benthos. The solar transformity for the terrestrial plants was calculated as 7.43E+03 sej/J. For each plant group, transformitiy was 1.78E+04 sej/J for bryophyte, 8.55E+03 sej/J for gymnosperm, and 6.28E+03 sej/J for angiosperms. Terrestrial animals was calculated as 7.50E+04 sej/J. For each animal group, transformity was 9.02E+04 sej/J for herbivores, 8.50E+05 sej/J for carnivores, and 6.46E+03 sej/J for detritivore. Marine plants was calculated as 5.43E+03 sej/J. For each plant group, transformity was 5.27E+03 sej/J for phytoplankton, 1.38E+04 sej/J for seaweeds. Marine animals was calculated as 9.35E+04 sej/J. For each animal group, transformity was 9.13E+04 sej/J for zooplankton, 1.19E+05 sej/J for nekton, and 1.09E+05 sej/J for benthos. Values indicated in this paper are average values estimated based on conditions of each or all global organism ranged in each region. These values may not be utilized direct in species whose hierarchy are clear but may present a standard of transformity of each organisms. The total production emergy of the earth system is 15.83E+24 sej/yr. As main streams of energy in the earth such as wind, rain, rivers and current are networked and functioning each other, each emergy amounting 15.83E+24 sej/yr is being transferred to the ocean and crust respectively, and the plant community which are using this emergy is again splitted by taxon and converted to terrestrial animals which are consumers, and it is again divided to the part which terrestrial animals are consuming directly and the remainder, thus finally the sum of the total emergy per each trophic level and the remained detritus equals the first input value of 15.83E+24 sej/yr. So, when we collectively estimate values of the energy, the emergy and the transformity computed by each organism and see its stream, the amount of energy is decreasing gradually as it moves from the plant to the animal but the quality of energy increased so that we could understand at a glance the earth energy, emergy and transformity. Thus, the result of this study that analyzed ecological economic value of all organisms of the earth, and also analyzed collectively the value of plants and animals of the terrestrial and marine ecosystem by classifying by taxon, trophic level and habitation characteristic is believed to be the first valuable case in not only for the emergy field but also for the ecological economic value evaluation of all organism of the earth. The emdollar values were calculated to determine approximate monetary values for production and storage of the global organisms. The ecological economic value of the annual terrestrial plants production was 11.25 trillion Em$/yr for all the plants, 0.91 trillion Em$/yr for bryophyte, 1.39 trillion Em$/yr for gymnosperm, and 8.15 trillion Em$/yr for angiosperms. The ecological economic value stored in the terrestrial plant biomass was 125.35 trillion Em$ for all the terrestrial plants, 9.06 trillion Em$ for bryophyte, 29.30 trillion Em$ for gymnosperm, and 81.10 trillion Em$ for angiosperms. The ecological economic value of the annual terrestrial animals production was 4.96 trillion Em$/yr for all the plants, 3.38 trillion Em$/yr for herbivores, 3.53 trillion Em$/yr for carnivores, and 1.58 trillion Em$/yr for detritivore. The ecological economic value stored in the terrestrial animals biomass was 1.95 trillion Em$ for all the terrestrial animals, 1.15 trillion Em$ for herbivores, 1.21 trillion Em$ for carnivores, and 0.76 trillion Em$ for detritivore. The ecological economic value of the annual marine plants production was 11.25 trillion Em$/yr for the all the plants, 11.00 trillion Em$/yr for phytoplankton, 0.25 trillion Em$/yr for seaweeds. The ecological economic value stored in the marine plant biomass was 0.28 trillion Em$ for all the marine plants, 0.08 trillion Em$ for phytoplankton, 0.20 trillion Em$ for seaweeds. The ecological economic value of the annual marine animals production was 5.93 trillion Em$/yr for all the plants, 3.79 trillion Em$/yr for zooplankton, 1.65 trillion Em$/yr for nekton, and 0.87 trillion Em$/yr for benthos. The ecological economic value stored in the marine animals biomass was 1.36 trillion Em$ for all the marine animals, 0.19 trillion Em$ for zooplankton, 0.99 trillion Em$ for nekton, and 0.45 trillion Em$ for benthos. In order to compare storage value of the global organism estimated by emergy analysis, we have estimated the nonrenewable resource of the earth and the storage of economic value by each country. In the consequence, the nonrenewable resource was the highest, amounting to 1,927 trillion Em$ by 78.67%, the storage of economic value was 458 trillion Em$ by 18.23%, and the global organism which is also the result of this study was 126 trillion Em$ by 5.09%, which, even though taking a less portion than other resources, was known to be very big and important comparing to the amount of economic wealth of the earth taking by 28%. Also since the value of productivity which global organism has is high, its role for the earth environment seems to be great. The result of this value evaluation would be enough to recognize the importance of values of the global organism which we can easily overlook. Also it may provoke the sense of crisis for decreasing global organism and a consciousness of its proper preservation. Further, it will remind normal persons of the importance and roles of organism, and will be used as a important data with which decision makers of environment policies can judge problems more objectively. For specialists, as it presents the importance of organisms by an economic validity, it might be utilized as an important mean to judge collectively including what they may easily overlook for providing environment policies.