울산지역 일부 중학생들의 영양지식, 식이 자아효능감 및 식행동에 관한 연구

Abstract

본 연구에서는 울산 지역에 소재하고 있는 규모가 유사한 중학교 각각 5곳을 선정하여 남·여 중학생을 대상으로 음식에 대한 가치관과 영양지식, 식이 자아효능감 및 식행동을 각각 조사하여 효율적인 학교 급식 개선과 체계적인 영양교육 프로그램을 개발하여 청소년들의 바람직한 식습관을 형성하는데 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 자료의 분석 결과에 대한 요약은 다음과 같다. 울산지역 교육청 소속의 5개 지역교육청에 소속된 중학교 5개교를 대상으로 하여 중학교 2학년 남·여학생으로 총 541부를 조사하였다. 1. 조사 대상 학생의 일반사항에 대한 빈도분석을 보면 전체 541명 중 성별로는 남학생 55.6%로 여학생 44.4%보다 많았으며, 어머니 학력별로는 고졸이 530%로 절반 이상을 차지하였으며, 다음으로 대졸 35.7%, 중졸 이하 4.8%, 대학원졸 3.5%, 전문대졸 30% 순이었다. 한 달 용돈별로는 1～3만원 미만이 42.9%로 가장 많았으며, 다음으로 3～5만원 미만 30.3%, 1만원 미만 13.5%, 5～7만원 미만 8.1%, 9만원 이상 3.1%, 7～9만원 20% 순으로 나타났다. 2. 성별에 따른 영양지식에 대해 살펴본 결과로는 영양지식 점수는 만점에 전체 평균은 11.79/20점, 남학생 11.40/20점, 여학생은 12.28/20점이며 유의적인(p<0.05) 차이를 보였다. 영양지식에 대한 정답율에서 ‘철분이 부족하면 빈혈이 걸리기 쉽다'가 정답율이 82.8%로 가장 높았고, ‘녹황색 채소는 비타민 A의 좋은 급원 식품이다’가 18.9%로 가장 낮은 정답율을 보였다. 3. 성별에 따른 식이 자아효능감 수준에 대한 결과는 전체 평균은 2.77/4.00점이고 남학생은 2.77/4.00점, 여학생은 2.76/4.00점이며 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다. 일반적 식습관 식이 자아효능감의 평균점수는 2.69/4.00점이고 남학생은 2.69/4.00점, 여학생은 2.63/4.00점으로 남학생이 여학생보다 높았으나 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다. 음식선택 식이 자아효능감의 평균점수는 3.15점/4.00점이고 남학생은 3.05/4.00점, 여학생은 3.28/4.00점으로 여학생이 남학생보다 높았으며, 유의적인(p<0.001) 차이를 보였다. 사회적 주의환경 관련 식이 자아효능감의 전체 점수는 2.40/4.00점이고 남학생은 2.43/4.00점, 여학생은 2.36/4.00점이며 남학생이 여학생보다 높았으나 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다. 4. 식행동 수준에 대한 전반적인 식생활 행동과 섭취 음식의 균형성, 생활과의 조화를 평가하는 문항의 결과는 전체 평균 점수는 69.62점/100점이고 남학생은 70.35/100점, 여학생은 68.71/100점이며 남학생이 여학생보다 높은 인식을 보였으며, 유의적인(p<0.05) 차이를 보였다. 5. 음식 가치관에 따른 영양지식 정답율, 전체 평균은 11.78/20점이고 음식 선택 시 ‘배고픔을 해결한다’는 11.33/20점, ‘좋아하는 것을 먹는다’는 10.48/20점, ‘영양과 건강을 위해 먹는다’는 12.60/20점이며 ‘영양과 건강을 위해 먹는다’는 ‘배고픔을 해결한다’와 ‘좋아하는 것을 먹는다’보다 유의적(p<0.001)으로 정답율이 높게 나타났다. 6. 음식 가치관에 따른 식이 자아효능감 수준에 대한 결과는 전체 평균은 2.77/4.00점이고 ‘배고픔을 해결한다’ 2.69/4.00점으로 ‘좋아하는 것을 먹는다’ 2.60/4.00점과 ‘영양과 건강을 위해 먹는다’ 2.72/4.00점보다 유의적(p<0.01)으로 높게 나타났다. 7. 음식 가치관에 따른 식행동 전체 평균은 69.62/100점이고 ‘좋아하는 것을 먹는다’ 66.01/100점보다 ‘배고픔을 해결한다’ 69.24/100점’가 높게 나타났고 ‘배고픔을 해결한다’ 보다 ‘영양과 건강을 위해 먹는다’ 71.24/100점이 유의적(p<0.001)으로 높게 나타났다. 8. 영양지식에 따른 식이 자아효능감에 대한 결과는 영양지식과 식이 자아효능감은 0.140으로 유의적인(p<0.01) 차이를 보였다. 일반적 식습관 식이 자아효능감과 사회적 주위 환경 관련 식이 자아효능감은 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다. 음식 선택 식이 자아효능감과 부정적 감정 통제 관련 식이 자아효능감은 유의적인(p<0.001) 차이를 보였다. 9. 식행동 및 영양지식, 식이 자아효능감에 관한 결과는 영양지식과 유의적인(p<0.01) 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 식이 자아효능감과 일반적 식습관 식이 자아효능감, 사회적 주의환경 관련 식이 자아효능감, 부정적 감정 통제 식이 자아효능감과 유의적인(p<0.01) 양의 상관관계를 보였으며, 이중 일반적인 식습관 식이 자아효능감의 상관계수가 가장 높게 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 다음과 같이 제안하고자 한다. 첫째, 울산지역 일부 중학생들을 성별과 음식에 대한 가치관에 대해 영양지식, 식이 자아효능감, 식행동을 조사한 결과 성별에 따른 차이와 음식에 대한 가치관에 유의적인 차이를 볼 수 있음으로 남, 여의 차별화된 영양 교육 프로그램 개발이 필요할 것이다. 둘째, 청소년기에는 내재적, 외재적 환경에 의해 음식에 대한 가치관이 확립되는 시기이므로 올바른 음식에 대한 가치관 확립의 교육의 개발이 필요할 것이다. 셋째, 올바른 음식의 섭취의 단계인 식행동에 미치는 요인으로 일반적인 식습관에 대한 식이 자아효능감을 증가시킬 것이다. 넷째, 청소년기의 불균형적인 영양문제를 해결하기 위해 식행동, 영양지식, 식이 자아효능감에 있어서 남학생과 여학생의 다른 특성을 연구하고 청소년기의 음식에 대한 올바른 가치관 확립의 영양교육프로그램 개발을 위해 다양한 관찰법과 연구방법이 시도되어야 할 것이다.

In this study, middle students in Ulsan were surveyed to investigate their value on food, knowledge about food, self-efficacy of diet, and food behavior in an attempt to facilitate the achievement of effective school meals and develop systematic nutrition education system, which aimed to provide the basis for the data necessary to promote the understanding of weight control among adolescents and help them develop desirable diet habits. Second grade male and female students in five middle schools which are administered by 5 local educational offices of Ulsan Office of Education were surveyed. For that, 600 questionnaires were distributed to 120 students for each school from December 17 2007 to December 24 2007, among which 541 questionnaires were utilized for analysis. The questionnaires were composed of questions associated with the knowledge of nutrition among middle school students, the self-efficacy of diet, and food behavior. SPSS 10.0 was employed for statistical analysis, such as χ2 -test, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation analysis. The findings of this study can be summarized like this: 1) As to the question designed to evaluate their knowledge about nutrition by gender, the average was 11.79/20 with male students receiving 11.40/20 score and female students receiving 12.28/20 score, which showed a significant difference(p<0.05). In terms of the rate of accurate answers as to the knowledge about nutrition, 82.8% of respondents gave correct answer to the question ‘Lack of iron in your diet can make you anemic’, which is the highest rate of correct answer. By contrast, only 18.9% of respondents gave correct answer to the question ‘Green and yellow vegetables are good source of vitamin A’, which was the lowest rate of correct answer. 2) In terms of the self-efficacy of diet by gender, the overall average was 2.77/4.00 with male students receiving 2.77/4.00 score and female students receiving 2.76/4.00 score, which showed no significant difference. The average score on the test that evaluated self-efficacy of food choice and diet, the average score was 3.15/4.00 with male students receiving 3.05/4.00 score and female students receiving 3.28/4.00 score, which showed a significant difference(p<0.001). 3) From the perspective of food behavior by gender, the average score was 69.62/100 with male students receiving 70.35/100 score and female students receiving 68.71/100 score, which implied that male students tended to have higher awareness than female students and showed a significant difference(p<0.05). 4) Based on the result as to the ratio of correct answers to the question designed to evaluate their knowledge about nutrition by the value on food the selection of food, the satisfaction of hunger recorded 11.33/20 score and the favorite food received 10.48/20 score. Meanwhile, nutrition and health got 12.60/20 score. The reason for nutrition and health had higher significance(p<0.001) than the satisfaction of hunger and favorite food. 5) Based on the result as to the self-efficacy of diet depending on the value on food, the selection of food, the satisfaction of hunger recorded 2.79/4.00 score and the favorite food received 2.60/4.00 score. Meanwhile, nutrition and health got 2.72/4.00 score. The reason for nutrition and health had higher significance(p<0.01) than the satisfaction of hunger and favorite food. 6) Based on the result as to the level of dietary behavior in relation to the value of food, the selection of food, the satisfaction of hunger recorded 69.62/100 score and the favorite food received 66.01/100 score. Meanwhile, nutrition and health got 71.24/100 score. The satisfaction of hunger had higher significance than favorite food. The reason for nutrition and health had higher significance(p<0.001) than the satisfaction of hunger. 7) Based on the result as to the dietary behavior in relation to the knowledge on nutrition, the group with advanced knowledge about nutrition received 71.31/100 score, and the group with intermediate level of knowledge about nutrition received 69.81/100 score. The group with low level of knowledge about nutrition received 66.78/100. The group with advanced knowledge about food and intermediate level of knowledge had higher significance(p<0.001) than the group with low level of knowledge about nutrition. 8) Based on the result as to the dietary behavior in relation to the dietary self-efficacy, the group with high self-efficacy of diet received 73.03/100 score, and the group with intermediate level of self-efficacy of diet received 69.71/100. The group with low level of self-efficacy of diet received 65.19/100. The group with intermediate level of self-efficacy of diet had higher significance than the group with low level of self-efficacy of diet, and the group with high level of self-efficacy of diet had higher significance(p<0.001) than the group with intermediate self-efficacy of diet. 9) In relation to the question designed to evaluate self-efficacy of diet depending on the knowledge about nutrition, the group with advanced knowledge about nutrition received 2.84/4.00 score, and the group with intermediate level of knowledge about nutrition received 2.75/4.00. The group with low level of knowledge about nutrition received 2.66/4.00. The group with advanced knowledge about nutrition had higher significance(p<0.01) than the group with intermediate level of knowledge about nutrition and the group with low level of knowledge about nutrition. 10) It was fond that the self-efficacy of diet had a positive significance(p<0.01) with the self-efficacy of diet relative to general dietary habit, self-efficacy associated with social environment, and self-efficacy relative to the control of negative emotions, and among them, the self-efficacy relative to general dietary habit had the highest coefficient of correlation with self-efficacy of diet. From the findings in this study described above, value on food, knowledge about nutrition, self-efficacy of diet, etc, are working as factors that influence the development of dietary behavior of middle school students in Ul-san, as well as various social and demographic variables. Among them, knowledge about nutrition and self-efficacy of diet had the highest correlation. Based on the findings above, further studies need to be carried out that go beyond the focus on nutrients and examine whether the improvement of nutrition of middle school students is directly associated with the problem of nutrition, which will help bring about improvement in reality and resolve fundamental problems. Therefore, basic and important data can be provided by shedding light on dietary behavior in attempting to improve dietary habits of middle school students, and further studies need to continue to address such points. Furthermore, those findings of research have to be reflected in the education on nutrition that aims to improve nutrition and resolve problems relative to nutrition, and the education that focuses on the formation of sound dietary habits and healthy psychological condition will help improve dietary behavior of students at the same time.