Media Ecosystem Shift: The Role of Media in Peacebuilding of the Great Lakes Region of Africa
- Abstract
- The media is one of the institutions of socialization in modern societies. As such, they can help to create or solve the problems of the society in which they operate. The conflicts in the Great Lakes region have attracted less media attention, given the scale of the conflict and its consequences for the Congo and globally. This study has set out to provide analyses of one of the most complex and difficult conflicts in the world. Qualified as 'African world war'. The 1998-2003 Congo conflict was analyzed in order to understand the role of the media in building peace. As we found, in the context of the 1998-2003 war, the Congolese media ecosystem is 'Bi-cephalic' or 'bipolar', evolving in a logic alternating between confrontation and conciliation. The media in this ecosystem are 'auxiliaries' of political power and participate in the public diplomacy of foreign countries that have interests in Congo and the Great Lakes region. This study established the relationship between political power, media, and (de) escalation of the conflict. This study has shown that during the first period, the public media RTNC, subservient to the political power of Kabila, was in confrontation with the international media, influenced by international policy on the conflict in Congo. Enriched with this knowledge of the evolution of the media ecosystem in times of conflict, this study proposed the integration of third media's logic, capable of bringing balance to the ecosystem. The 'third media' principle consists of improving or creating new media that take into account the high conflict realities of the Congo and the sub-region, as exposed in this study.
- Issued Date
- 2021
- Awarded Date
- 2021. 8
- Type
- Dissertation
- Publisher
- 부경대학교
- Affiliation
- 부경대학교 대학원
- Department
- 대학원 신문방송학과
- Advisor
- Yong-Ho KIM
- Table Of Contents
- CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background and Context 1
1.2 Setting out the Research Problem for the Study 6
1.3 The Purpose of the Study 9
1.4 Research Questions and Hypotheses 12
1.5 Methodological Considerations 13
1.6 Significant of the study 14
1.7 Structure of the Study 17
CHAPTER II CONGO CONFLICT 21
2.1. Introduction 21
2.2. Mapping Conflict in Congo 23
2.2.1. The critical conflicts in the DRC between 1960 and 199023
2.2.2. The wars of the 90s and 2000s: wars of identity crisis, geopolitical and economic depredation 28
2.2.3. The Second Congo War or the "African World War." 33
2.3. The 1998-2003 UN's resolutions, agreements and MONUC/MONUSCO 36
2.4. Conclusion 39
CHAPTER III CONGOLESE MEDIA ECOSYSTEM: FROM ORIGIN TO PRESENT 41
3.1. Introduction 41
3.2. From Congo Independent State to the Independence' (1885-1960) 41
3.2.1. Print Media 41
3.2.2. Radio 45
3.3. Media: From Independence to Mobutu regime (19960-1990) 46
3.4. Liberalization of the media market until 2000s 47
3.4.1.From 1997 to 2003 48
3.4.2. From 2003 to nowadays 49
3.5. Media ecosystem storming the ICT and the internet. 50
3.5.1. Off/online media 51
3.5.2. Online media 52
3.6. Media Ecosystem under Political and Economic Pressures 53
3.6.1. Economic Power Conquers Media Ecosystem 55
3.7. Media Ecosystem Integrating international Media 57
3.7.1. International radio stations to conquer the African audience 58
3.7.2. International TV broadcasting in the African media ecosystem 60
3.7.3. Made easy through technology 62
3.7.4. Part of African media ecosystem through Languages 64
3.7.5. Strategy of Office, Correspondent, and reporter 65
3.8. Conclusion 67
CHAPTER IV THE ROLE OF MEDIA DURING SOME MAJOR CONFLICTS IN THE CONGO 68
4.1. Media use for politico-tribal purpose: The expulsion of the kasaians from Katanga: 68
4.2. Media as an Instrument of War: The AFDL 1996-1997 70
4.3. State of media in 1998-2003 73
4.4. Media, Pre, and post-election crises 74
4.5. Conclusion 77
CHAPTER V THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS 78
5.1. Conflict and conflict management 78
5.1.1. What is peace? 78
5.1.2. What is conflict? 80
5.2. Media and conflict management 84
5.3. War Journalism versus Peace Journalism 88
5.3.1. War Journalism 88
5.3.2. Peace journalism 94
5.3.1.1. The 'logic' of peace journalism 95
5.3.1.2. Criticism against peace journalism 97
5.3.1.3 Counter-arguments 98
5.5. Theoretical framework of peace journalism 99
5.5.1. Peace Journalism in the light of conflict theories 99
5.5.2. Conflict transformation 103
5.6. Peace journalism, media framing and political context 103
5.7. Theoretical Framework of this study 106
CHAPTER VI RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 108
6.1. Introduction 108
6.2 Research design and techniques 108
6.2.1. Content Analysis 112
6.2.2. Interviewing 114
6.2.3. Data analysis procedures 115
6.3. Conclusion 116
CHAPTER VII FRAMING THE AFRICA WORLD WAR 117
7.1. Introduction 117
7.2. First fold: Research questions and hypothesis 117
7.3. Method 120
7.4. Unit of analysis and coding procedure 121
7.4.1. Languages 122
7.4.2. Interceder reliability 123
7.5. Results 125
7.6. Discussion 132
7.6.1. Language 133
7.6.2. A shift in media framing 134
CHAPTER VIII MEDIA ECOSYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND ROLE IN THE CONGO CONFLICT: 139
8.1. Introduction 139
8.2. Second fold: Research questions and Hypotheses 139
8.3. Method 140
8.4. Sample 141
8.5. Coding procedure 142
8.6. Results 143
8.6.1. Before Kabila (period I). Time of war and agreement 144
8.6.2.1. Frames on Locale situation. 144
8.6.2.2. Frames on international arena on Congo 151
8.6.3. After Kabila (period II). Time of agreement toward peace and reconciliation 156
8.7. Discussion 158
CHAPTER IX FRAMING THE CONGOLESE NATIONAL RADIO AND TELEVISION (RTNC) 165
9.1. Introduction 165
9.2. Reporting the 1998-2003 conflict 166
9.2.1. Sourcing 166
9.2.2. The role of journalist during conflict 167
9.2.3. The role of the hierarchy in the work of the journalist 168
9.2.4. Peace promotion: two presidents, two opposed ways 168
9.2.5. The role of RTNC in the peace process 169
9.3. Discussion 172
CHAPTER X MEDIA EXPERT'S ANALYSIS ON THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN PEACEBUILDING 175
10.1. Introduction 175
10.2. Profiles: 175
10.3. Interview. 175
CHAPTER XI TOWARD A MODEL OF MEDIA ECOSYSTEM TO SUSTAIN PEACE BUILDING 184
11.1 Introduction 184
11.2. The autopsy of the existing media ecosystem and the potential of the media to promote peace 185
11.3. Beyond the current media ecosystem: current limits, source of inspiration for a new model 186
11.3.1. Contents: Targeting structural conflict situation. 187
11.3.2. (De) politicization and Depolarization 188
11.4. The third Media For more balance in the ecosystem 189
11.4.1. The Geopolitical Media for peace 190
11.4.2. National Media for peace 193
11.4.3. PSB for peace: From state-own media to public broadcasting service 194
11.4.4. Inter Community media: a solution transcending communities 197
11.4.5. Peace-related Media intervention of International organizations 198
11.4.6. Media diversification 199
11.5. Regulation: for the Control of broadcasted content and the cohesion of the ecosystem 199
CONCLUSION 202
REFERENCES 206
- Degree
- Doctor
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