Toxicity assessment of eight antifouling booster biocides on spore and female gametophyte of brown alga Undaria pinnatifida
- Abstract
- Chapter I: The toxic effects of booster biocides (chlorfenapyr, chlorothalonil, copper pyrithione, DCOIT, dichlofluanid, zinc pyrithione, zinc undecylenate, and zineb) were evaluated in the early life stages of Undaria pinnatifida. U. pinnatifida spores were exposed to each of the booster biocides for 24 h (spore germination rate) and 48 h (germ tube growth). The spore germination rate and germ tube growth were reduced with increasing booster biocide concentrations, and all responses were dose-dependent. The ranking of booster biocide toxicity based on the EC50 value of the spore germination rate was as follows: zineb > copper pyrithione ≥ chlorothalonil ≈ zinc pyrithione > dichlofluanid > DCOIT > zinc undecylenate > chlorfenapyr. The ranking of germ tube growth was as follows: zineb ≥ copper pyrithione ≥ zinc pyrithione ≈ chlorothalonil > dichlofluanid ≥ DCOIT > zinc undecylenate > chlorfenapyr.
Chapter II: The toxic effects of booster biocides (chlorfenapyr, chlorothalonil, copper pyrithione, DCOIT, dichlofluanid, zinc pyrithione, zinc undecylenate, and zineb) were evaluated in the early life stages of Undaria pinnatifida. U. pinnatifida female gametophytes were exposed to each of the booster biocides for 3 days (female gametophyte survival rate) and 5 days (female gametophyte relative growth rate). The female gametophyte survival rate and female gametophyte relative growth rate were reduced with increasing booster biocide concentrations, and all responses were dose-dependent. The ranking of booster biocide toxicity based on the EC50 value of female gametophyte survival rate was as follows: zinc pyrithione ≈ copper pyrithione ≥ zineb > chlorothalonil ≥ DCOIT > zinc undecylenate > dichlofluanid ≥ chlorfenapyr. The ranking of the relative growth rate of female gametophytes was copper pyrithione ≥ zinc pyrithione > zineb > chlorothalonil ≥ DCOIT > zinc undecylenate > dichlofluanid ≥ chlorfenapyr.
Chapter III: The mRNA expression of actin, ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase, peroxiredoxin, and HSP-70 in U. pinnatifida female gametophytes was analyzed to evaluate the toxic effects of booster biocides. Undaria pinnatifida female gametophytes were exposed to each of the booster biocides for 3 h. Actin mRNA expression was almost unchanged after exposure to booster biocides for 3 h. The expression of other genes was significantly increased after exposure to booster biocides for 3 h. Ferredoxin-thioredoxin mRNA expression was the highest in zinc pyrithione. The mRNA expression of peroxiredoxin and HSP-70 was highest in zinc pyrithione and zineb. Actin is a housekeeping gene that is suitable as an internal control. The other genes were suitable as indicators to evaluate the toxic effects of booster biocides in macroalgae, such as U. pinnatifida.
- Issued Date
- 2021
- Awarded Date
- 2021. 8
- Type
- Dissertation
- Publisher
- 부경대학교
- Affiliation
- 부경대학교 대학원
- Department
- 대학원 수산생명의학과
- Advisor
- 강주찬
- Table Of Contents
- General Introduction 1
Chapter I. Toxicity assessment of eight booster biocides on spore germination rate and germ tube growth in brown alga Undaria pinnatifida 7
1. Introduction 7
2. Materials and Methods 10
2.1. Experimental organism and culture conditions 10
2.2. Optimal conditions 10
2.3. Toxic effects 12
2.4. Statistical analysis 13
3. Results 14
3.1. Optimal condition 14
3.2 Toxic effects 17
4. Discussion 23
4.1. Optimal conditions 23
4.2. Toxic effects 24
Chapter II. Toxicity assessment of eight booster biocides on survival rate and relative growth rate of female gametophyte in brown alga Undaria pinnatifida 28
1. Introduction 28
2. Materials and Methods 31
2.1. Experimental organism and culture conditions 31
2.2. Optimal conditions 31
2.3. Toxic effects 32
2.4. Statistical analysis 34
3. Results 35
3.1. Optimal condition 35
3.2 Toxic effects 38
4. Discussion 44
4.1. Optimal conditions 44
4.2. Toxic effects 46
Chapter III. Gene expression in female gametophyte in brown alga Undaria pinnatifida on exposure to eight booster biocides 52
1. Introduction 52
2. Materials and Methods 56
2.1. Experimental organism and culture conditions 56
2.2. Toxic effects 56
2.3. Total mRNA extraction 57
2.4. Gene sequencing 59
2.5. Real-time PCR assay 60
2.6. Statistical analysis 61
3. Result 62
3.1. Gene sequencing 62
3.2. Ferredoxin-thiordoxin reductase (FTR) mRNA expression 66
3.3. Peroxiredoxin (RPX) mRNA expression 68
3.4. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70) mRNA expression 70
4. Discussion 72
4.1. Ferredoxin-thioredoxin reducase (FTR) mRNA expression 72
4.2. Peroxiredoxin (PRX) mRNA expression 73
4.3. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70) mRNA expression 75
Overall discussion 78
Summary 82
Acknowledgments 84
Reference 85
- Degree
- Doctor
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