Vulnerability of Fishing Communities to Environmental Changes on Lake Lagdo, Cameroon
- Alternative Title
- 카메룬 Lagdo 호수의 환경변화에 취약한 어촌사회에 대한 연구
- Abstract
- With a production of 335,158 tons, Cameroonian fisheries represent 3% of the GDP, employing about 200000 people. However, environmental changes are adversely impacting water availability as observed on Lake Lagdo, where Lake surface area has observably shrunken due to siltation and evapotranspiration. The impact of such environment changes on the sustainable livelihoods of fishing communities is palpable. Thus, the study set out to determine the impact of Lake siltation and shrinking on the livelihoods of the fishing community especially from their own perspective and how they are coping or otherwise. The sustainable livelihoods framework was applied to assess main causes and impacts of the vulnerability context as well as existing or developing opportunities/strategies for surviving the vulnerabilities. Field study for primary data collection used semi-structured questionnaire interviews, focus group discussions and field observational research whereas; secondary information was sourced from Ministries, Departments and Agencies including scholarly articles from the internet. The findings show that siltation and lake shrinkage pose a serious threat to the fisheries on Lake Lagdo. Due to an estimated annual sedimentation of 40 800 000 m3, the reservoir volume has decreased by 0.9 percent. The catches have decreased from 20,000 tons in 1990 to just 9,600 tons in 2020 and the once common fish species, such as Dasyatis garouaensis, have disappeared. The threat of these environmental changes to the fisheries has a knock-on effect on livelihoods by reducing fisheries income by 69.67%. Economic diversification involving engaging in Agriculture (66.7%); Petty trading (11.9%) and Cattle rearing (14.7%), is an important strategy adopted to cope with the environmental changes. The hypothesis that Lake shrinking and siltation have no effect on the livelihoods of the fishing communities along Lake Lagdo is therefore rejected. Reforestation of the lake banks to reduce erosion; enhanced access to viable alternative livelihoods; dredging operation on the lake to restore lake carry capacity and restocking to restore biodiversity; are the key recommendations of the study.
- Issued Date
- 2021
- Awarded Date
- 2021. 8
- Type
- Dissertation
- Publisher
- 부경대학교
- Affiliation
- 부경대학교 세계수산대학원
- Department
- 세계수산대학원 사회과학전공
- Advisor
- Andrew C.M. Baio
- Table Of Contents
- 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.0. Background 1
1.1. Country Economic and Social Context 1
1.1.1. Geographic Location 1
1.1.2. Economic Environment 2
1.1.3. Demographic and Socio-economic Indicators 5
1.1.4. Poverty Situation 6
1.2. Research Goal and Objectives 7
1.2.1. Research Goal 7
1.2.2. Research Objectives 7
1.2.3. Research Questions 8
1.2.3.1. Principal Question 8
1.2.3.2. Sub-questions 8
1.3. Hypothesis 9
1.4. Significance of the Study 9
2. FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE OF CAMEROON 11
2.1. Ecosystem Types and Distribution in Cameroon 11
2.2. Marine and Coastal Ecosystems 11
2.3. Freshwater Ecosystems 13
2.4. Development of Fisheries and Aquaculture in Cameroon 17
2.5. Marine Fisheries 17
2.6. Industrial fisheries 18
2.7. Inland Fisheries 20
2.8. Aquaculture 21
2.9. Fisheries Governance 22
2.9.1. Fisheries Governance Organigram 22
2.9.2. Regulatory Framework 24
2.10. Importance of Fisheries in the Economy 27
2.11. Situational Analysis of Study Area 29
3. MATERIEL AND METHODS 31
3.1. Study Area 31
3.2. Data Collection and Analysis 32
3.2.1. Data Collection 32
3.2.2. Sampling 33
3.2.3. Data analysis 34
3.3. Study Approach 35
3.3.1. Conceptual Framework of Sustainable Livelihoods Approach 35
3.3.2. Strength and Weakness of the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach 39
3.3.2.1. Strength 39
3.3.2.2. Weaknesses 40
3.4. Questionnaire Development 40
4. RESULTS 43
4.1. Interviewee Profile 43
4.2. Vulnerability Context 45
4.2.1. Temperature 45
4.2.2. Precipitation 46
4.2.3. Siltation and Shrinking of Lake Lagdo 47
4.2.4. Fish Production at Lake Lagdo 49
4.2.5. Type of Nets and Vessels 50
4.2.6. Female Participation in Fish Capture 51
4.2.7. Dependence on Fishing 52
4.2.8. Change in Income 54
4.3. Capital Assets Assessment 56
4.3.1. Physical Capital 56
4.3.1.1. School 56
4.3.1.2. Hospital 57
4.3.1.3. Hydroelectric Dam 58
4.3.2. Financial Capital 58
4.3.3. Human Capital 59
4.3.4. Naturel 61
4.3.4.1. Fisheries 61
4.3.4.2. Agriculture 62
4.3.4.3. Livestock 63
4.3.4.4. Forestry and Ecotourism 63
4.3.5. Social Capital 64
4.4. Policies, Institutions and Processes (PIP) 65
4.5. Livelihood Strategies 67
4.5.1. Diversity of Economic Activities 67
4.5.2. Immigration and Emigration 69
4.5.2.1. Immigration 69
4.5.2.2. Emigration 70
5. DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 72
5.1. Discussion 72
5.1.1. Vulnerability Context 72
5.1.2. Livelihood Assets 73
5.1.3. Principles, Institutions and Processes (PIP) 77
5.1.4. Livelihoods Strategies 78
5.2. Conclusion and Recommendation 79
6. Reference 83
7. Appendix. Questionnaire 88
- Degree
- Master
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