Evaluation of the Efficacy of Dietary Inorganic and Chelated Trace Minerals Premixes in juvvenile Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf) and whteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone)
- Abstract
- Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different levels of dietary inorganic and chelated trace minerals (Cu, Zn, Mn & Fe) premixes on the growth performance, tissue mineral saturation whole-body proximate composition, non-specific immune response, disease resistance, histological and hematological response in juvenile Korean rockfish (Initial body weight 9 ± 0.2 g) and juvenile Whiteleg shrimp (Initial body weight 0.6 ± 0.01 g). In experiments I, results suggested that the dietary inorganic trace minerals (Cu, Zn, Mn & Fe) premix supplementation at a minimum level of 0.3% of the diet could be necessary for juvenile Korean rockfish. While, based on the results from experiment II, it could be concluded that the optimum inclusion level for dietary chelated trace minerals premix could be greater than 0.075% but less than 0.3% in juvenile Korean rockfish. While, the results from the experiment III, suggested that the optimum inclusion level for the dietary inorganic trace minerals (Cu, Zn & Mn) premix could be greater than 0.5% but less than 2% of the diet in whiteleg shrimp. While, overall performance from the experiment IV, suggested that the optimum dietary chelated trace minerals (Cu, Zn & Mn) inclusion level could be greater than 0.25% but less than 0.75% for whiteleg shrimp. L. vannamei.
- Issued Date
- 2014
- Awarded Date
- 2014. 8
- Type
- Dissertation
- Publisher
- Pukyong National University
- Affiliation
- Department of Marine Biomaterials & Aquaculture, Pukyong National University
- Department
- 대학원 수산생물학과
- Advisor
- Sungchul C. Bai
- Table Of Contents
- Table of contents
Table of contents……………………………………………………………………………ⅰ
List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………………..ⅰⅰ
Lsit of Figures …………………………………………………………………………ⅰⅰⅰ
Abstracts …………………………………………………………………………….ⅰⅰⅰⅰ
Chapter 1. General Introduction 1
Chapter 2. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Dietary Inorganic and Chelated Trace Minerals (Cu, Zn, Mn & Fe) Premixes in Juvenile Korean rockfish, Sebastes schegeli 8
I. Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………..
1. Evaluation of the efficacy of dietary Inorganic Trace Minerals (Cu, Zn, Mn & Fe) Premix in Marine fish, Juvenile Korean rockfish (Experiment I)………….. …. 9
2. Evaluation of the Efficacy dietary Chelated Trace Minerals (Cu, Zn, Mn & Fe) Premix in Juvenile Korean rockfish, (Eexperiment II) 11
II. Introduction 13
III. Materials and methods 17
1. Diet formulation and preparation 17
2. Experimental fish and feeding trail 18
3. Sample collection and analysis 19
4. Enzyme assay 20
5. Minerals analysis 21
6. Histological Analysis 21
7. Challenge Test 21
8. Statistical analysis 21
IV. Results 22
Exp. I (p.22 )
Exp. II (p.30)
V. Discussion and Conclusions 25
¬ Exp. I (p.25 )
Exp. II (p.33)
Chapter 3. Evaluation of efficacy of different levels of dietary Inorganic and chelated trace minerals (Cu, Zn & Mn) premixes in whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) 37
I. Abstract 38
Exp 3 (p.38)
Exp 4 (p.40)
Evaluation of efficacy of different levels of dietary Inorganic trace minerals (Cu, Zn & Mn) premix in Juvenile Whiteleg shrimp ( Experiment III)………… 38
Evaluation of efficacy of different levels of dietary Chelated trace minerals (Cu, Zn & Mn) premix in Juvenile whiteleg shrimp (Experiment IV). 40
II. Introduction 42
III . Materials and methods 44
1. Diet formulation and preparation 44
2. Experimental fish and feeding trial 45
3. Sample collection and analysis 46
4. Enzyme assay 47
5. Minerals analysis 47
6. Statistical analysis 48
IV Results 48
Exp. III (P.48)
Exp. IV (p.55)
V. Discussion and Conclusions 51
Exp. III (p.51)
Exp. IV (p.57)
Chapter 4. General discusion and Conclusions 61
Tables 65
Figures 96
Acknowledgment 98
References 100
Appendix (raw data) 108
List of Tables
Table 1.Trace Mineral content of feed ingredients ……………………………………………………….65
Table 2. Basal diet composition used in experiment 1 and 2 …………………………………………….66
Table 3. Mineral Content of experimental diets (Exp. 1) ………………………………………………...67
Table 4. Growth Performance (Exp 1.) …………………………………………………………………..68
Table 5. Trace Mineral Contents in Liver tissue …………………………………………………………69
Table 6. Trace Mineral Contents in bone tissue ………………. ………………………………………...70
Table 7. Trace Mineral Contents in whole body …………………………………………………………71
Table 8. Whole body proximate composition …………………………. ………………………………..72
Table 9. Hepatic Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu- Zn SOD) activity ………. ………………………...73
Table 10. Histological analysis …………………………………………………………………………..74.
Table 11. Mineral Content of different experimental diets (Exp. 2) ……………………………………..75
Table 12. Growth Performance …………………………….. …………………………………………...76
Table 13. Trace Mineral Contents in Liver tissue ………………………………………………………..77
Table 14. Trace Mineral Contents in Whole body ……………………….. ……………………………..78
Table 15. Trace Mineral Contents in Bone tissue …………………………….. ………………………...79
Table 16. Whole body proximate composition …………………………. ………………………………80
Table 17. Hepatic Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu- Zn SOD) activity ………………………………...81
Table 18. Histological analysis ………….. ……………………………………………………………...82
Table 19. Composition of the basal diet (Exp.3 & 4)…………………………………………………….83
Table 20. Mineral Content (mg kg-1 ; DM) of different experimental diets (Exp. 3) …………………….84
Table 21. Growth Performance ………………………………………………………………………….85.
Table 22. Trace Mineral Contents in hepatopancreas tissue …………………………………………….86
Table 23. Trace Mineral Contents in whole body ………………………………………………………..87
Table 24. Hematological characteristics …………………………………………………………………88
Table 25. Hepatopancreatic TBARS value and Cu-Zn SOD activity ……………………………………89
Table 26. Mineral Content of experimental diets (Exp 4) …………………………………………..……90
Table 27. Growth Performance …………………….. ……………………………………………...……91
Table 28. Trace Mineral Contents in hepatopancreas tissue …. …………………………………………92
Table 29. Trace Mineral Contents in whole body………. …………………………………………….…93
Table 30. Hematological characteristics …………………………………………………………………94
Table 31. Hepatopancreatic and Serum, Cu-Zn SOD activity ……………………………………...……95
List of Figures
Fig. 1. Challenge test against bacteria E.tarda (Exp. 1) ………………………………….…..……96
Fig. 2. Challenge test against bacteria E.tarda (Exp. 2) …………………………………….……..97
Table of contents
Table of contents……………………………………………………………………………ⅰ
List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………………..ⅰⅰ
Lsit of Figures …………………………………………………………………………ⅰⅰⅰ
Abstracts …………………………………………………………………………….ⅰⅰⅰⅰ
Chapter 1. General Introduction 1
Chapter 2. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Dietary Inorganic and Chelated Trace Minerals (Cu, Zn, Mn & Fe) Premixes in Juvenile Korean rockfish, Sebastes schegeli 8
I. Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………..
1. Evaluation of the efficacy of dietary Inorganic Trace Minerals (Cu, Zn, Mn & Fe) Premix in Marine fish, Juvenile Korean rockfish (Experiment I)………….. …. 9
2. Evaluation of the Efficacy dietary Chelated Trace Minerals (Cu, Zn, Mn & Fe) Premix in Juvenile Korean rockfish, (Eexperiment II) 11
II. Introduction 13
III. Materials and methods 17
1. Diet formulation and preparation 17
2. Experimental fish and feeding trail 18
3. Sample collection and analysis 19
4. Enzyme assay 20
5. Minerals analysis 21
6. Histological Analysis 21
7. Challenge Test 21
8. Statistical analysis 21
IV. Results 22
Exp. I (p.22 )
Exp. II (p.30)
V. Discussion and Conclusions 25
¬ Exp. I (p.25 )
Exp. II (p.33)
Chapter 3. Evaluation of efficacy of different levels of dietary Inorganic and chelated trace minerals (Cu, Zn & Mn) premixes in whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) 37
I. Abstract 38
Exp 3 (p.38)
Exp 4 (p.40)
Evaluation of efficacy of different levels of dietary Inorganic trace minerals (Cu, Zn & Mn) premix in Juvenile Whiteleg shrimp ( Experiment III)………… 38
Evaluation of efficacy of different levels of dietary Chelated trace minerals (Cu, Zn & Mn) premix in Juvenile whiteleg shrimp (Experiment IV). 40
II. Introduction 42
III . Materials and methods 44
1. Diet formulation and preparation 44
2. Experimental fish and feeding trial 45
3. Sample collection and analysis 46
4. Enzyme assay 47
5. Minerals analysis 47
6. Statistical analysis 48
IV Results 48
Exp. III (P.48)
Exp. IV (p.55)
V. Discussion and Conclusions 51
Exp. III (p.51)
Exp. IV (p.57)
Chapter 4. General discusion and Conclusions 61
Tables 65
Figures 96
Acknowledgment 98
References 100
Appendix (raw data) 108
List of Tables
Table 1.Trace Mineral content of feed ingredients ……………………………………………………….65
Table 2. Basal diet composition used in experiment 1 and 2 …………………………………………….66
Table 3. Mineral Content of experimental diets (Exp. 1) ………………………………………………...67
Table 4. Growth Performance (Exp 1.) …………………………………………………………………..68
Table 5. Trace Mineral Contents in Liver tissue …………………………………………………………69
Table 6. Trace Mineral Contents in bone tissue ………………. ………………………………………...70
Table 7. Trace Mineral Contents in whole body …………………………………………………………71
Table 8. Whole body proximate composition …………………………. ………………………………..72
Table 9. Hepatic Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu- Zn SOD) activity ………. ………………………...73
Table 10. Histological analysis …………………………………………………………………………..74.
Table 11. Mineral Content of different experimental diets (Exp. 2) ……………………………………..75
Table 12. Growth Performance …………………………….. …………………………………………...76
Table 13. Trace Mineral Contents in Liver tissue ………………………………………………………..77
Table 14. Trace Mineral Contents in Whole body ……………………….. ……………………………..78
Table 15. Trace Mineral Contents in Bone tissue …………………………….. ………………………...79
Table 16. Whole body proximate composition …………………………. ………………………………80
Table 17. Hepatic Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu- Zn SOD) activity ………………………………...81
Table 18. Histological analysis ………….. ……………………………………………………………...82
Table 19. Composition of the basal diet (Exp.3 & 4)…………………………………………………….83
Table 20. Mineral Content (mg kg-1 ; DM) of different experimental diets (Exp. 3) …………………….84
Table 21. Growth Performance ………………………………………………………………………….85.
Table 22. Trace Mineral Contents in hepatopancreas tissue …………………………………………….86
Table 23. Trace Mineral Contents in whole body ………………………………………………………..87
Table 24. Hematological characteristics …………………………………………………………………88
Table 25. Hepatopancreatic TBARS value and Cu-Zn SOD activity ……………………………………89
Table 26. Mineral Content of experimental diets (Exp 4) …………………………………………..……90
Table 27. Growth Performance …………………….. ……………………………………………...……91
Table 28. Trace Mineral Contents in hepatopancreas tissue …. …………………………………………92
Table 29. Trace Mineral Contents in whole body………. …………………………………………….…93
Table 30. Hematological characteristics …………………………………………………………………94
Table 31. Hepatopancreatic and Serum, Cu-Zn SOD activity ……………………………………...……95
List of Figures
Fig. 1. Challenge test against bacteria E.tarda (Exp. 1) ………………………………….…..……96
Fig. 2. Challenge test against bacteria E.tarda (Exp. 2) …………………………………….……..9
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