설화의 전승 양상과 지리ㆍ문화적 특성의 상관성 연구 -영월, 밀양, 제주지역 설화를 대상으로

Abstract

Since the performance and transmission of folk tales is implemented orally, they retain variability and are recreated according to context of the actual field. Field referred to here is both scenes of transmission in a broad meaning which include scenes of transmission meaning the narration version of transmission of folk tales and whole environment of local community in which folk tales have been passed down. As even oral narrations of the same work becomes different when the scene of the performance is different, its content and inspiration may take different forms, and conditions of field context such as geographical location and cultural condition of a village may transform its structure as well as contents. This study, taking notice of transmission scenes of folk tales which existing studies on folk tales neglected, aims to explore the relationship between circumstances of transmission scenes and folk tale data. For this purpose, this study selected Yeongwol(mountainous region), Milyang(plains) and Jeju(Island) and, by reviewing folk tales handed down in each region, investigated what kinds of conditions of the region the folk tales reflect and how different aspects the folk tales display depending on the geographic and cultural conditions of the regions. The results of the study are as follows; First, Chapter II explores general aspects of transmission by classifying transmitted folk tales of each region into animal tales, mysterious tales, general tales, confabulation tales and formative tales based on Cho Hee Woong's folk tale classification standards. As the result, in the folk tales of the 3 regions, there are types with common awareness or types universally transmitted and modified types due to different geographical and cultural conditions or types unique to the regions. Chapter III explores more specified differentiated aspects by setting detailed analysis strata, which are type, motif and style. 1) In type stratum, representative folk tale types are presented which are formed on the basis of geographical and cultural condition of each different region. In Yeongwol, various types of folk tales were created and have been passed down regarding degraded King Dan Jong by combining the historical fact of King Dan Jong's exile with the name of places, natural objects, beliefs and historical persons. In addition, not only folk tales with natural scenery like waterfalls, cliffs and ponds but also folk tales deifying natural objects and showing miracles of the god of shrines(堂神) have also been passed down. In the case of Milyang, mountain movement folk tale and Danmaek (literally meaning 'cutting of force') folk tale have been passed down in addition to origination folk tale for Nedeol region in front of Maneo temple. Besides, origination folk tale for fields and monster serpent folk tale in the Hobak pond are actively have passed down, exhibiting the characteristic of agricultural regions. Folk tales regarding great persons from the regions have been passed down in numerous numbers. In Jeju, folk tales have been handed down explaining its geographical environment such as parasitic volcanoes and rocks. Moreover, Bonpulyee folktale has been passed down reflecting the regional characteristic in which shamanism has prospered, and folktales related to shrines which are distributed all over the places have been also actively handed down. Furthermore, folk tales concerning strong men which take up exceedingly large proportion of folk tales and those of strong women which are hardly found in other regions have been passed down. This study confirmed that subjects, contents and topics of folk tales of the regions may appear different depending on the regional circumstances. 2) In motif stratum, distribution of motifs was investigated centering on supernatural patron motif, the deceased motif, taboo motif, after which modification aspects of story motifs and components in folk tales commonly passed down in 3 regions were investigated. As the result, it was found that, with the difference of beliefs related to geographical environments and occupations, there were differences in detailed contents of appearances of supernatural patrons, notions concerning the deceased and taboos. In the analysis of story motifs of folk tale types commonly handed down, story elements and components turned out to be different in each tales and replaced with the ones suitable to the characteristics of each region by reflecting its geographical and cultural circumstances. 3) In style stratum, investigation was made into how and are different depending on regions. In the data of Yeongwol, explanations were presented as to phenomena derived from geographical attributes of mountainous region such as beliefs in rocks and trees, customs regarding memorial service on mountains and difficulties of travel due to inconvenient transportation with rugged hills, and there are narration as to fight with tigers and episodes of people who came there for flight/seclusion, reflecting the life of the mountainous region. The data of Milyang retain plenty of explanation and narration which displays an agricultural society. There are explanations regarding seasonal customs related to agriculture, systems of managing and supervising water resources, customs of ritual for rain and agricultural technologies, and there are stories of losing cows and conflicts surrounding the irrigation of rice paddies and episodes of rich harvest even in drought due to storage of water in advance and a strong man who settled tug-of-war as annual event. Data of Jeju shows explanations and narrations related to geographical traits as an island which is different from other regions and occupations of the region. Explanatiosn about Baryung field, use of horse feces, responsibility of a horse caretaker and system of Jeju ranches provide information on peculiar agricultural methods of Jeju. Narrations include a case of meeting pirates on the way back after purchase of deficient commodities from land and Heo Mi Soo's episode who set up ebb tide headstone to prevent tidal wave (or tsunami), which reflect difficulty of transportation over the sea. Last chapter summarizes the geographical and cultural characteristics of 3 regions and discussed correlation between geographic environment and folk tales. Different regions in a country, while retaining identical general culture, may hold specific cultural differences based on overall circumstances of the regions. Yeongwol, Milyang and Jeju have differentiated regional cultures reflecting geographic condition of each region as a mountainous region, plain and island respectively in addition to regional history, religion and customs. Folk tales of Yeongwol reflect isolation and exclusivity which come from geographic and environmental traits and factors and those of Milyang reflect geographic traits of a plain region and class-oriented cultural characteristics of nobility while folk talks of Jeju do reflect geographic traits of an island and isolation and unique identity different from mountainous regions.