Application of the surfactant-enhanced soil washing to crude oil contaminated soils in Kuwait
- Alternative Title
- 원유로 오염된 쿠웨이트 토양에 대한 계면활성제 용액을 이용한 토양세척법 적용성 평가
- Abstract
- Application of the surfactant-enhanced soil washing to crude oil contaminated soils in Kuwait
Hyojin Heo
Department of Earth Environmental Sciences, The Graduate School,
Pukyong National University
Abstract
Batch experiments were performed to determine the optimal operating conditions of the surfactant-enhanced soil washing process for the remediation of crude oil contaminated soils in Kuwait. Three different soils in Kuwait were sampled and their TPH concentrations were 223,754 mg/kg, 181,137 mg/kg, and 132,851 mg/kg, respectively. Commercialized nine non-ionic surfactants and one anionic surfactant were used for the batch experiment to measure the surfactant solubility for the crude oil. The solubility of surfactants for the crude oil were in order as Tergitol 15-S-7 > Tergitol 15-S-9 > TritonX-100. Three nonionic surfactants were used in the soil washing batch experiment for the contaminated soil which had the highest TPH concentration. From the result of batch experiment, 5% TritonX-100 washing solution showed the highest TPH removal efficiency for the crude oil contaminated soil (67%). Because the residual TPH concentration in the washed soil was 74,437 mg/kg, which was still higher than the clean-up level in Kuwait (10,000 mg/kg), the repeated soil washing was performed. After the 5th repeated washing with 5% of TritonX-100 solution, the residual TPH concentration in the soil went down below 10,000 mg/kg (9,849 mg/kg).
The batch experiment to measure the amount of the residual surfactant remained in the soil after the soil washing was performed. The crude oil free silica beads were washed with 2% TritonX-100 surfactant solution and then beads were washed again with distilled water to detach the surfactant adsorbed on beads. After 5th repeated washing with surfactant solution, 7.8% of the surfactant was adsorbed on beads. When beads were washed once with distilled water, most of the residual surfactant was separated from beads and only 0.2% of surfactant was remained on surface of beads. It suggested that only two times washing with water can separate most of the residual surfactant from the soil. These results might suggest the way to solve the problem of the toxicity of residual surfactant in the washed soil and the way to recycle the surfactant. From the results, it was investigated that the surfactant-enhanced soil washing process has a great capability for the remediation of the seriously contaminated soils by crude oil (more than 223,754 mg/kg) in Kuwait. Furthermore, the additional washing with water can preferentially remove certain surfactant from the soils, which may be desirable for more successful soil remediation.
Key words: surfactant, crude oil, soil washing, Tergitol, TritonX-100
원유로 오염된 쿠웨이트 토양에 대한 계면활성제 용액을 이용한 토양세척법 적용성 평가
허 효 진
부경대학교 대학원 지구환경과학전공
요 약 문
원유로 심각하게 오염된 쿠웨이트 지역의 세 종류 토양에 대하여 계면활성제를 이용한 토양세척법의 적용가능성을 입증하기 위해, 다양한 계면활성제 종류와 계면활성제 농도조건에서 토양세척 배치실험을 실시하였다. 오염 원인이 상이한 3개 지역에서 채취한 토양의 TPH농도는 각각 223,754 mg/kg, 181,137 mg/kg, 132,851 mg/kg 으로 매우 높게 나타났다. 본 실험에서는 기존의 연구에서 토양세척 효과가 높은 것으로 알려진 비이온 계면활성제 9종과 음이온 계면활성제 1종을 선택하여 토양세척 실내실험을 실시하였다. 각 계면활성제 용액의 농도에 따른 원유 용해도(solubility)를 측정하기 위한 배치실험을 실시하였고, 높은 용해도를 나타내는 3종류의 계면활성제(Tergitol 15-S-7, Tergitol 15-S-9, TritonX-100)를 선정하여 토양세척 배치실험을 실시하였다. 사용된 계면활성제 중에서 TritonX-100이 5% 농도에서 67%의 가장 높은 원유 제거율을 나타냈지만, 1회 세척만으로는 제거목표 (TPH: 10,000 mg/kg) 에 도달하지 않아 연속세척실험을 실시하였다. TritonX-100 2% 용액을 이용하여 연속세척실험 결과, 세척 횟수가 증가할수록 원유의 제거율이 증가하였고, 5회 연속세척 후 96%의 제거율을 나타내며 제거목표에 도달하여, 매우 고농도의 TPH오염토양 (TPH : 223,754 mg/kg) 을 효과적으로 복원할 수 있음을 입증하였다.
연속세척실험 후 토양에 잔류하는 계면활성제의 탈착능력을 측정하기 위한 배치실험을 실시하였다. 앞서 실시한 연속세척실험과 동일한 방법을 이용하여 실리카 비드를 TritonX-100 2% 계면활성제 용액으로 세척한 결과, 약 7.8%의 계면활성제가 비드에 흡착되어 잔류하였다. 계면활성제가 흡착된 비드를 증류수를 이용해 동일한 세척방법으로 1회 세척한 결과, 비드에 잔류하는 계면활성제가 약 0.2%로 감소하여 비드에 흡착된 대부분의 계면활성제가 추가된 물세척에 의해 제거됨을 알 수 있었다. 실험결과로부터 실제 고농도의 TPH 오염토양에 계면활성제를 이용한 토양세척법을 적용한 후, 증류수를 이용하여 1~2회 추가 세척할 경우, 토양에 흡착된 계면활성제가 제거됨과 동시에 계면활성제에 흡착되어있는 원유 역시 상당량 제거할 수 있을 것이라고 판단되었고, 이로부터 세척 후 토양에 잔류하는 계면활성제의 독성에 대한 문제해결과 세척에 사용된 계면활성제의 재사용 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 실험의 결과로부터 TritonX-100 계면활성제를 이용한 세척방법이 유류 오염이 매우 심한 현장 원유오염 토양 (TPH농도 200,000 mg/kg 이상) 을 복원하는데 효과적으로 적용될 수 있음을 입증하였다.
주요어 : 계면활성제, 석유계총탄화수소, 원유, 유류오염, 토양세척
- Author(s)
- 허효진
- Issued Date
- 2015
- Awarded Date
- 2015. 8
- Type
- Dissertation
- Publisher
- 부경대학교 대학원
- URI
- https://repository.pknu.ac.kr:8443/handle/2021.oak/12534
http://pknu.dcollection.net/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000002071063
- Alternative Author(s)
- Hyojin Heo
- Affiliation
- 부경대학교
- Department
- 대학원 지구환경과학과
- Advisor
- 이민희
- Table Of Contents
- CONTENTS
List of Figures ........................................................................................ Ⅲ
List of Tables ......................................................................................... Ⅳ
Abstract .................................................................................................... Ⅴ
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 1
CHAPTER II. OBJECTIVE ...................................................................... 3
CHAPTER III. BACKGROUND ............................................................. 4
3.1 Outline of the research area ....................................................................... 4
3.2 Interaction between organic pollutant and soil particle ........................... 8
3.3 Soil washing process .................................................................................. 10
3.3.1 Principle of surfactant-enhanced soil washing .................................... 10
3.3.2 Surfactant ................................................................................................ 13
CHAPTER IV. MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................ 18
4.1 Experiment for soil properties .................................................................. 17
4.2 Batch experiments ........................................................................................ 19
4.2.1 Batch experiments for the measurement of the surfactant solubility for crude oil ................................................................................................. 19
4.2.2 Batch experiments with various surfactant-enhanced washing solution ................................................................................................................... 24
4.2.3 Repeated washing experiment .............................................................. 25
4.2.4 Batch experiments for the desorption of residual surfactant on the silica bead ............................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................... 28
5.1 Results of experiment to measure soil properties ................................... 28
5.2 Results of batch experiments ..................................................................... 32
5.2.1 Results of the surfactant solubility for the crude oil ........................ 32
5.2.2 Results of batch experiments with various washing solution ........... 34
5.2.3 Results of repeated washing experiment .............................................. 37
5.2.4 Results of batch experiments for the desorption of residual surfactant on the silica bead ................................................................................... 40
CHAPTER VI. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................ 42
REFERENCES .......................................................................................... 45
SUMMARY (in Korean) ......................................................................... 55
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................... 57
APPENDIX (PUBLICATION) ................................................................ 58
- Degree
- Master
-
Appears in Collections:
- 대학원 > 지구환경과학과
- Authorize & License
-
- Files in This Item:
-
Items in Repository are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.