공공디자인에 기반한 도시이미지 형성에 관한 연구

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between urban image and public design, to derive the types and the components of urban landscape and the management index of the skyline and apply them to Busan Centum City in South Korea, to grasp the characteristics of the city, and to produce social and policy suggestions for the urban image improvement of the city. This study begins with the awareness of the issue that cityscape and skyline contain the nature of public goods and are the important factors that can improve the citizens’ quality of life. Because the cityscape and the skyline are subject to publicity, the construction and the management of cityscape and skyline should be done from the perspective of the public interest. Thus, the comfort and the aesthetics should be considered for the inner landscape of the city, as the information availability, the eco-friendliness, and the history are to be guaranteed for the citizens' convenience. Also, in skyline formation, the appropriate Greenness Index, or the appropriate rate of greenness, and the difference of elevation that are observed from each view-shaft should be taken into account, and the citizens’ participation is needed in the process of skyline formation. From this point of view, the analysis and the results of the cityscape and the skyline of Busan Centum City are summarized as follows. The cityscapes in Busan Centum City were classified into five types: scenery landscape, general perception landscape, life landscape, information media landscape, and infrastructure landscape. The scenery landscape includes various formative and landscaping elements, and the general perception landscape forms the common horizontal environment. The life landscape is composed of convenience facilities, users, and walking space, and the information media landscape is made up of information-related facilities. The infrastructure landscape is comprised of terrain elements, basic facilities, and cultural infrastructures. Another type of cityscape, history landscape, is also in the analysis frame of this study, but it is difficult to find its elements in Busan Centum City. History of the city must be treated as foundation of the city, so it is necessary to organize and preserve the historical traces and data of Busan Centum City. In the skyline of Busan Centum City, there is a significant difference in height between low-rise business facilities and super high-rise residential and office complexes, so the skyline of the city appears imbalanced as a whole. First, the skyline type is a concave shape with high ends at both sides and a mixed shape in the middle, which cannot be seen easily in other cities. Second, the rates of change of the skyline that are measured from all three view-shafts are less than 75% due to the role of forest skyline. Third, the heights of the artificial skyline that are seen from all three view-shafts are found to be in 75~100% of the overall height. Fourth, the Greenness Indices that are observed from all three view-shafts are more than 10%. As a result, the cityscapes of Busan Centum City constitute most of the landscape types ranging from scenary to infrastructure landscapes, but the city lacks the history landscape. Moreover, the skyline type has an unusual aspect that is not present in other cities, such as a concave shape with high ends at both sides and a mixed shape in the middle. The rates of change of the skyline and the height and the Greenness Indices of the artificial skyline reveal no surprising results due to the forest skyline. Based on the above analysis of the characteristics of Busan Centum City, the following social and policy suggestions are essential for securing publicity and forming sustainable urban images in the future while planning a similar urban development. First, in order to pursue a large-scale urban project such as Busan Centum City Development Project, reviewing for feasibility in advance is absolutely necessary, and the development that considers the market situation should be performed in steps even if it takes time. Second, institutional arrangements should be provided to reflect the opinions of civil societies or civic groups including residents, and new mechanisms should be established to enable experts to take charge of public design. Third, the cityscapes including the skyline represent the identity of the city, so it is necessary to organize and preserve the existing historical traces in good condition in order to balance and harmonize conservation and development. Fourth, as shown in the cases of overseas cityscape and skyline management, it is necessary to establish a consistent architectural environment for urban developments through design guidelines under overall landscape planning. Fifth, balanced cityscape planning is required to prevent emergence of fortified urbanization phenomenon that is caused by super high-rise residential and commercial buildings and large-scale complexes. Considering that the Busan Centum City Development Project is a model of regionally specialized development project that takes account of the regional characteristics, a study on the unique characteristics of the urban landscape and the skyline of Busan Centum City carries a significant meaning. In order to further develop the study in the future, it will be worth expanding the scope of analysis framework such as correlation analysis, so that it can improve the validity of the findings.