The Impact of Militancy on Pakhtunwali Ethical Code
- Alternative Title
- 팍툰알리 사회도덕에 대한 공격적 행동양식의 영향; 파타지역 다라에 관한 사례연구
- Abstract
- The Impact of Militancy on Pakhtunwali Ethical code, A case study of FATA's Dara Adam Khel F.R. Kohat, Pakistan
Muhammad Imran Afridi
Department of International and Area Studies, The Graduate School,
Pukyong National University
Abstract
The term culture is a major display into the culture of nations. It is hard to deny a society and its social norms, custom and traditions. Culture shares a great part to conflict and conflict resolution, and cultures and conflicts are interrelated. Some cultures bring positive changes and developments while other cause drastic variations and conflicts. The main purpose of this research was to find out the impact of militancy on Pakhtunwali social code and the cultural involvement in the over a decade long militancy in the FATA area of Dara Adam Khel F.R. Kohat. Jirga, Hujra and Panah were the major elements of Pakhtunwali social code that were practicing in the area for a very long time but due to militancy the local people turned back to these custom and traditions which were connected to their daily life activities. How important these Pakhtunwali elements for the people of Dara and what necessary measures could be taken to implement these elements back in the area were the focus of discussion. The Taliban started their own judicial system (Shura) which was accepted to some people but due to their inhumane actions in FATA, majority of the local people were against their presence in the area.
The CIA created and funded the Al-Qaeda and Taliban Mujahedeen who got trained by the ISI of Pakistan in the FATA region and sent on a special mission to fight the Soviet forces in Afghanistan. After the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the U.S and NATO forces invaded Afghanistan to hunt these militant groups. As a result, the militants fled to the FATA areas of Pakistan who were familiar to the local culture and got asylum according to the Pakhtunwali element (Panah). The Bush administration asked the Pakistani government to take a serious military action against these militants. The Pakistani army started military operations against them and as a result the militants spread all over the FATA region and started mobilizing local youth on the name Jihad (the Holly War) which brought disaster to the region and negatively impacted the local culture (Pakhtunwali). This research work proved that there are changes in Pakhtunwali social code due to militancy and the people of FATA are not actively following these rules the way they were doing in the past before militancy.
- Issued Date
- 2018
- Awarded Date
- 2018. 8
- Type
- Dissertation
- Publisher
- 부경대학교
- Affiliation
- 부경대학교 대학원
- Department
- 대학원 국제지역학과
- Advisor
- Kim Dongsoo
- Table Of Contents
- Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Purpose of the Study 7
1.3 Statement of the Problem 8
1.4 Literature Review 9
1.4.1 Pakhtunwali as a Code of Life among the Pakhtun 11
1.4.2 The Jirga (The Assembly of Elders for Conflict Resolution) 14
1.5 Terrorism/Extremism 16
1.6 Organization of the Study 17
1.7 Background and History of FATA 19
1.7.1 Social and Political History 19
1.8 Pakhtun Social Structure and Pakhtunwali 21
1.9 Pakhtunwali before Militancy 23
1.10 Pakhtunwali: The Tribal Code of Honor 24
Chapter 2: Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Pakhtunwali
2.1 Area Profile of FATA and Pakhtunwali 27
2.2 Administrative Division (Tribal Agencies and Frontier Regions) 29
2.2.1 Governance 31
2.3 Profiles of FATAs Seven Agencies 32
2.4 The Spread of Militancy in FATA and its Causes 36
2.4.1 The Recruitment of the Taliban 41
2.5 Military Deployment in FATA 42
2.6 The US Drone Attacks in FATA 52
2.7 Current Situation of Pakistan in FATA and Dara 54
2.7.1 Talibanization in FATA and Dara 56
2.8 Formation of TTP and Spreading of Talibanization 59
2.8.1 Militancy in Dara Adam Khel 66
2.8.2 Dara before and After Militancy 71
2.9 Militancy and Jihad 75
2.9.1 Legal Inferences of Militancy 77
2.9.2 Span of Militancy 78
2.10 Religion as Key Legitimating Force for Violence 79
2.11 The Relationship between Terrorism and Religion 81
2.11.1 The Wider Trend of Religious Terrorism 82
2.11.2 The Causes and the Enemies of Religious Terrorists 83
2.11.3 A Political Philosophy 87
2.12 Jihad and Its Basic Rules 88
2.12.1 Jihad and the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) The Internal Jihad 88
2.12.2 The Five Pillars of Islam as Jihad 90
2.12.3 The Greater Jihad Controversy and the Holy War 91
2.12.4 What can Justify Jihad? 92
2.12.5 What is not Jihad? 93
2.12.6 The Rules of Jihad 94
2.12.7 The Quran on Jihad 95
2.13 The Sharia Law 95
Chapter 3: Theoretical Analysis
3.1 The Theory of Religion and Terrorism 97
3.2 The Conflict Theory and Religion 99
3.3 The Terrorism and Culture Theory 102
3.4 Conclusion 104
Chapter 4: Methodology
4.1 Research Methodology 107
4.2 Hypothesis 108
4.3 Research Variables 108
4.4 Dara Adam Khel Culture 110
4.5 Economy 111
4.6 Tourism 112
4.7 Social Ceremonies Marriages and Deaths/Funerals 113
4.8 Eid (Muslims Religious Festivals) and Dress Code 114
4.9 Education and Religious Beliefs 114
Chapter 5: Case Studies and Interviews
5.1 Case Study 1 115
5.2 Case Study 2 120
5.3 Case Study 3 124
5.4 Case Study 4 125
5.5 Case Study 5 129
5.6 Interviews 132
5.7 Conclusion/Analysis 215
Chapter 6: Conclusion
6.1 Summary 218
6.2 Summary of Key Findings, Survey Analysis 222
6.3 Theoretical Implications 226
6.4 Policy Implications 228
6.5 Limitation of the Study 231
6.6 Suggestion for Further Research 233
References: 235
Basic Theories 242
Websites 243
Annex: Questionnaire 1 Qualitative Section 245
Questionnaire 2 Quantitative Sections 246
- Degree
- Doctor
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