沿岸海域 및 沿岸域 水質汚染 防止를 위한 美國 CWA의 下·廢水 營理體系에 관한 硏究

Abstract

The Clean Water Act(CWA) of 1972 provided the basic framework for Federal and State programs to regulate point non-point sources of pollution. Although revised by amendments in 1977, 1981 and 1987, the basic framework embodied in the original CWA and management programs relevant to the control of discharges in estuaries and coastal water body fall under CWA. The two major pollutant control programs authorized by CWA are the National Discharge Elimination Systems(NPDES) and the national Pretreatment Program(NPP). The NPDES is one of the centerpieces of the CWA's water pollution control program. Under the NPDES, all point sources of wastewater must obtain a permit which regulate the discharge of pollutants into a river estuaries and coastal water body. The NPP is a cooperative Federal, States, and local effort to implement the practice of pretreating industrial wastwater to reduce the discharges of harmful pollutants. These two programs, NPDES and NPP establish effluent guidelines and other requirements to regulate the discharge of certain pollutants from municipal and industrial facilities. In the 25 years since the creation of Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) these two programs have made significant progress in restoring and maintaining estuaries and coastal water body and have achieved significant results in accomplishing the program goals. A high rate of estuaries and coastal water body were found to attain the basic goals of the CWA that the Nation's water body must be clean enough to support fishing and swimming. Results of this survey of NPDES and NPP program evluation in Rhode Island and Texas as follows. 1) The NPP program of NBC in Rhode Island has been bery effective at ensuring that toxic are not discharged into the NBC sewer system. In 1981, local industries discharged 954,099 pounds of heavy metals and 80,440 pounds of cyanide to the sewer system. The data for 1995 indicates that significant reductions in metals (93.5%) and cyanide (88.6%) loadings to the sewer system have been achieved since that time. During 1995 alone, total metals loadings to the sewer system were reduced by 20.6%. 2) In the mid-1960s and early 1970s point sources pollution from industrial and municipal discharges had virtually wiped out all aquatic life in the Galveston Bay Texas. With CWA, Texas was required to develop programs to control point sources pollution from industrial and municipal discharges under NPDES and NPP programs, which optimistically put forth the goal of pollution elimination by 1984. Since the initiation of NPDES and NPP point source controls, ove $1.1 billion have been spent on water and wastewater facilities in the region surrounding Galveston Bay. The results of actions by NPDES and NPP programs in Texas is a countinuing success story. By 1990, less than 19,000 pounds per day of BOD were being discharged, a shopping 95% reduction from mid-1960s level in the Galveston Bay waters.