Synthesis and Characterization of Conjugated Polymers with Fluorinated Phenazine for Polymer Solar Cells
- Abstract
- 현재 전 세계에서 가장 많이 사용하는 에너지 자원은 석유에너지 이나, 석유에너지 자원은 한정적인 자원이기 때문에 언젠가는 고갈 될 것이다. 이러한 이유로 재생 가능한 신 재생에너지가 각광받고 있으며 이 중 태양광을 이용한 태양광 에너지가 각광 받고 있다. 유기물로 이루어진 유기태양전지는 기존의 무기태양전지가 가지고 있지 않은 장점을 가지고 있다. 유기태양전지의 장점으로는 무기태양전지와 비교하여 flexible 하고, roll to roll 공정이 가능하여 대량생산이 가능하다는 장점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 Acceptor 물질로 많이 사용하던 Quinoxaline 유도체에서 벤젠고리가 하나 더 확장된 Phenazine 유도체를 연구한다. Phenazine 유도체는 기존의 Quinoxaline 유도체의 장점을 가지고 있고, 벤젠고리가 하나 더 확장되어 기존의 Quinoxaline보다 더 평탄함을 보이고 이로 인하여 π-π interaction의 향상과 전하의 이동도의 향상을 기대 하여 PSC 의 효율 향상을 기대 할 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 Phenazine 유도체를 고분자 태양전지의 Active layer로 사용했을 때의 효과를 알아보고 이를 통하여 새로운 전도성 고분자를 개발하여 고효율의 유기태양전지를 만들어내는데 응용 될 수 있도록 한다.
- Author(s)
- 권지현
- Issued Date
- 2019
- Awarded Date
- 2019. 2
- Type
- Dissertation
- Publisher
- 부경대학교
- URI
- https://repository.pknu.ac.kr:8443/handle/2021.oak/23190
http://pknu.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000183169
- Affiliation
- 부경대학교 대학원
- Department
- 대학원 공업화학과
- Advisor
- 진영읍
- Table Of Contents
- Contents
Contents i
List of Figures vi
List of Tables viii
List of Schemes ix
Abstract x
Chapter I. Introduction 1
I-1. The Background of Polymer Solar Cells (PSCs) 1
I-2. Operating Mechanism of PSCs 2
I-3. Bulk Heterojunction Structure 3
I-4. Parameters of PSCs 5
I-4-1. Open-Circuit Voltage (Voc) 5
I-4-2. Short-Circuit Current Density (Jsc) 6
I-4-3. Fill Factor (FF) 6
I-5. Study of Synthesize Conjugated Polymers for High Performance 7
I-5-1. Donor-Acceptor (D-A) Alternating Structure 7
I-5-2. The effect of introducing a substituent in a conjugated backbone 8
I-5-3. Selection of Donor and Acceptor Unit in Conjugated Polymer 8
Chapter II. Experimental 10
II-1. Materials and Instruments 10
II-2. Synthesis of monomers 11
II-2-1. Synthesis of initial acceptor monomers 11
II-2-1-1. Synthesis of 1,4-bis(dodecyloxy)-2,3-dimethylbenzene 11
II-2-1-2. Synthesis of 1,4-bis(dodecyloxy)-2,3-dimethyl-5,6-dinitrobenzene 12
II-2-1-3. Synthesis of 3,6-bis(dodecyloxy)-4,5-dimethylbenzene-1,2-diamine 13
II-2-1-4. Synthesis of 1,2-dibromo-4,5-difluorobenzene 13
II-2-1-5. Synthesis of 1,4-bis(dodecyloxy)-7,8-difluoro-2,3-dimethylphenazine 14
II-2-1-6. Synthesis of 4,6-dibromo-3,6-dihydroxyphthalonitrile 17
II-2-1-7. Synthesis of 4,5-dibromo-3,6-bis(dodecyloxy)phthalonitrile 17
II-2-1-8. Synthesis of 4,5-difluorobenzene-1,2-diamine 18
II-2-1-9. Synthesis of 1,4-bis(dodecyloxy)-7,8-difluorophenazine-2,3-dicarbonitrile 18
II-2-2. Synthesis of current acceptor monomers 21
II-2-2-1. Synthesis of 2,3-difluoro-1,4-bis-(trimethylsilyl)benzene 21
II-2-2-2. Synthesis of 1,4-dibromo-2,3-difluorobenzene 21
II-2-2-3. Synthesis of 1,4-dibromo-2,3-difluoro-5,6-dinirtobenzene 22
II-2-2-4. Synthesis of 3,6-dibromo-4,5-difluorobenzene-1,2-diamine 22
II-2-2-5. Synthesis of 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone 23
II-2-2-6. Synthesis of 6,9-dibromo-7,8-difluorophenazine-2,3-diol 23
II-2-2-7. Synthesis of tributyl(thiophen-2-yl)stannane 26
II-2-2-8. Synthesis of 1,4-dibromo-7,8-bis(dodecyloxy)-2,3-difluorophenazine 26
II-2-2-9. Synthesis of 7,8-bis(dodecyloxy)-2,3-difluoro-1,4-di(thiophen-2-yl)phenazine 27
II-2-2-10. Synthesis of 1,4-bis(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-7,8-bis(dodecyloxy)-2,3-difluorophenazine 27
II-2-2-11. Synthesis of 7-bromohexadecane 30
II-2-2-12. Synthesis of 1,4-dibromo-2,3-difluoro-7,8-bis((2-hexyldecyl)oxy)phenazine 30
II-2-2-13. Synthesis of 2,3-difluoro-7,8-bis((2-hexyldecyl)oxy)-1,4-di(thiophen-2-yl)phenazine 31
II-2-2-14. Synthesis of 1,4-bis(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-2,3-difluoro-7,8-bis((2-hexyldecyl)oxy)phenazine 32
II-3. Synthesis of polymers 34
II-3-1. Synthesis of Poly[1-(5-(4,8-bis((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)-6-phenylbenzo[1,2- b:4,5-b']dithiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-7,8-bis(dodecyloxy)-2,3-difluoro-4-(5- phenylthiophen-2-yl)phenazine] 34
II-3-2. Synthesis of Poly[1-(5-(4,8-bis((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)-6-phenylbenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-2,3-difluoro-7,8-bis((2-hexyldecyl)oxy)-4-(5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)phenazine] 36
II-3-3. Synthesis of Poly[1-(5-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-6-phenylbenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-7,8-bis(dodecyloxy)-2,3-difluoro-4-(5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)phenazine] 38
II-3-4. Synthesis of Poly[1-(5-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-6-phenylbenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-2,3-difluoro-7,8-bis((2-hexyldecyl)oxy)-4-(5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)phenazine] 40
Chapter III. Results and Discussion 42
III-1. Initial Monomer Results 42
III-2. Polymerization Results 42
III-3. Optical Properties of Polymers 44
III-4. Electrochemical Properties of Polymers 48
III-5. Photovoltaic Properties of Polymers 52
III-6. Film Morphology Analysis 54
Chapter IV. Conclusions 59
References 60
- Degree
- Master
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