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Causes and Consequences of counter terrorism strategy of Pakistan

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Alternative Title
파키스탄의 대테러 전략의 원인과 결과에 관한 연구
Abstract
본 연구는 미국의 ‘테러와의 전쟁’과 함께 시작된 파키스탄의 대테러 군사전략을 경험주의 방법론과 구성주의적 접근을 통해 연구하였다. 좀 더 구체적으로 말하면, 본 연구는 파키스탄에 ‘부가적인 군사력 기여’를 촉구하는 미국의 대테러 전략이 파키스탄의 군사전략과 양국 간의 관계에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 하였다. 궁극적으로 본 연구는 파키스탄이 더 나은 대테러 전략을 구축하고, 더 효과적으로 테러의 위협에 대응하기 위한 파키스탄-미국 관계의 방향을 제시하고자 하였다.
미국의 파키스탄에 대한 ‘부가적 군사력 기여’에 대한 연구는 이미 상당히 진행되어 왔지만 본 연구는 파키스탄에서 진행된 각종 설문 조사와 심층 인터뷰와 같은 경험적 연구방법을 통해 파키스탄의 독립적인 군사작전에 중점을 두고 연구를 진행하였다는 점에서 본 연구의 학문적인 기여를 찾을 수 있다. 구체적으로 본 연구는 1차, 2차 데이터의 종합적 분석을 통해 진행되었다. 데이터는 임의론 선택된 50명의 군인, 50명의 기자, 30명의 정책 분석가로 구성된 130명의 응답자의 의견을 바탕으로 하고 있다. 데이터 분석에 따르면, 파키스탄의 군사전략은 테러의 이데올로기화, 테러가 지역에 미치는 영향, 시민들의 정부에 대한 지지, 드론 공격과 같은 여러 가지 요소에 의해서 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 드론 공격의 증가는 민간인 학살과 자살테러의 증가의 원인이 된 것으로 밝혀졌다. 그리고 파키스탄 정부의 대테러 전략은 낙후된 지역의 시민, 특히 파슈툰족에 의해서도 많은 영향을 받는 것으로 증명되었다. 본 연구는 또한 미국의 파키스탄에 대한 추가적인 군사력 투입 요구가 양국 간의 신뢰를 손상시켰고 파키스탄으로 하여금 중국과 러시아와 가깝게 만들었으며 결과적으로 미국은 파키스탄의 도움을 잃음으로써 아프가니스탄에서 군대를 완전히 철수시키는 것에 어려움을 겪을 것이라고 주장하였다.
본 연구는 대외정책 결정에 있어서의 지역연구의 중요성을 환기시키면서 동시에 다음과 같은 정책적 함의를 제시한다. 먼저, 전쟁으로 이미 황폐해진 아프가니스탄의 유일한 문제 해결책은 대화를 통한 정치적 유대감의 형성이라는 점이다. 또한, 파키스탄과 아프가니스탄의 국경선상의 군사분쟁을 억제하고 평화적 분위기 조성을 위해 철조망과 감시탑 등의 수단을 통해 국경선의 경계를 명확히 하는 것이 중요하다. 그리고 자살테러를 방지하기 위해 과격한 군사 이데올로기와 이슬람에 대한 잘못된 인식을 바로잡은 분위기 조성이 필요하다. 마지막으로, 파키스탄의 정치인들은 알카에다와 같은 테러조직에 대항하기 위해 대화와 협상과 같은 평화적 해결 방식에 대한 국민들의 지지를 이끌어내는 것이 중요하다.
This study offers the empirical analysis of the United States counter terrorism strategy and Pakistan’s military scheme in war on terror and put forth the argument that the non-conventional military strategy adopted by Pakistani government to vanquish militancy is explained by constructivist approach. Predominantly, the counter-terrorism strategy of the United States was based on military operations, regardless of the strategy of Pakistan which was inconsistent and swinging between peace process and military operations. The purpose of the study is to assess the ‘do more’ strategy applied by the United States on Pakistan and the response showed by the Islamic state. Moreover, the research not only explains the relations between the United States and Pakistan as a result of ‘do more’ policy but also analyses the fact as to what would be the effect of the policy on bilateral relations between both states. Here, the focus for research is how to achieve a better understanding of Pakistan’s counter terrorism strategy and enhance effectiveness of Pak-U.S. alliance in the fight against terrorism. Several research works are available in literature that highlights the United States’ counter terrorism strategy of ‘do more’ towards Pakistan. However, the novelty of this research work is to underline the factors that trigger Pakistan to follow self-reliant military plan against militants by using empirical tools including survey and in-depth interviews. This research analysis of Pakistani military plan reveals that counter terrorism strategy is caused by multiple factors with ideology of terrorist, regional discourse, local support and drone strikes. However, suspensions of foreign funding or bilateral relations appear as the least relevant factors that can affect counter terrorism strategy of Pakistan.
The findings of Pakistan’s military operations are based on Alternate form method, incorporating primary and secondary data. The random sample collected from 130 respondents (50 military persons, 50 media respondents and 30 political analysts), dent the notion that local people of affected areas are, primarily, deprived and illiterate and bonding among the Pashtuns is strong and robust, hence, regional discourse play an instrumental role in formulating the counter terrorism strategy of Pakistan’s army. Moreover, this research work also investigates the cross-border terrorism which can be checked by applying fencing and check and balance on Pak-Afghan border. Further, it also examined that militants who do not wish to challenge government’s writ any longer, are negotiated peacefully. Further, as a result of unsuccessful peace process with militants and after 2014, Pakistan army decided to launch operation against all militant groups without any discrimination. The study also analyzed that the drone attacks created restlessness among the local masses and, resultantly, suicide bombing is increased.
In addition, the research also evaluates the pressure that comes from the United States which has widened the trust deficit between both Pakistan and the U.S. Resultantly, Islamabad will slowly shift to Beijing and Moscow camp and will become laborious for the United States to get successful exit from Afghanistan without Pakistani support. Conclusively, the novelty of my research carries out the above-mentioned unique characteristics of Pakistan military strategy which needs to be understood through a context-specific constructivist approach.
To combat terrorism, international policy makers need to realize the importance of regional discourse which plays an important role and helps local people to fight against invaders. Afghanistan is considered as a graveyard of empires; hence dialogues are the only solution to build a political consensus. In case of the United States, porous border of Pakistan and Afghanistan helped the militants where they could easily cross the border. To curb militancy across Pak-Afghan border, border fencing and check posts along demarcating line play a vital role to bring back regional peace and tranquility. Further, to counter suicide terrorism in Pakistan and its expansion to other regions, there is a need to create an environment that counteracts militants’ radical ideologies and misinterpretation of Islam. Soft approaches to the ideological battle against Al-Qaeda and its affiliates in Pakistan also demand an increased role of political actors to developing a national consensus on the issue of terrorism and explore alternative political solutions.
Author(s)
IRFAN ADEEL
Issued Date
2020
Awarded Date
2020. 2
Type
Dissertation
Publisher
부경대학교
URI
https://repository.pknu.ac.kr:8443/handle/2021.oak/23690
http://pknu.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000283031
Affiliation
Pukyong National University , Graduate School
Department
대학원 국제지역학과
Advisor
Dongsoo Kim
Table Of Contents
Chapter#1: Introduction 1
1.1 Purpose of the Study 2
1.2 Background of Counter Terrorism Measures 4
1.2.1 Pakistan and War on Terror 8
1.3 Literature Review 13
1.3.1 Counter-terrorism strategies of the U.S. and Pakistan 13
1.3.1.1 Do More as U.S. Policy towards Pakistan 14
1.3.2 Counter-Terrorism Policy of Pakistan 16
1.3.2.1 Counter-terrorism strategy during Musharraf regime2001-2007 16
1.3.2.2 Counter-terrorism strategy during Pakistan Peoples’ Party (PPP) Government 2008-2012 19
1.3.2.3 Counter-terrorism strategy during Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz [PML (N)] Government 2013-2018 19
1.3.3 Impact of ‘Do more’ strategy on Pakistan 21
1.4 Methodology and Scope 25
1.5 Organization of Study 27
Chapter#2: Theoretical Framework 32
2.1 Introduction 32
2.2 Identities and Interests 39
2.3 Hypothesis 45
Chapter#3: Research Methodology 48
3.1 Introduction 48
3.2 Variables 50
3.2.1 Independent Variables 50
3.2.1.1 Regional discourse 51
3.2.1.2 The U.S. military activity against the militants 51
3.2.1.3 Terrorist political orientation by militants 52
3.2.2 Dependent Variables 52
3.2.2.1 Military Operation 52
3.2.2.2 The resistance showed by local people 53
3.3 Devising measurement strategies 57
3.3.1 Alternative-form method 59
3.4 Data Collection 59
3.5 Data Analysis 62
Chapter#4: Case Study of Military Operations 64
4.1 Introduction 64
4.2 A case study of military operations 64
4.2.1 Pakistan – A breeding place for mujahidin during Soviet-Afghan War 64
4.2.2 Pakistan and the war on terrorism 65
4.2.3 Taliban found safe heavens in Pakistan 66
4.2.4 Military operations in Pakistan after 9/11 67
4.2.5 Good Taliban vs. Bad Taliban 73
4.2.6 Border fencing and cross border terrorist activities 76
4.3 Consequences of ‘do more’ strategy 82
4.3.1 Impasse relation between the United States and Pakistan 82
4.3.2 Effect on the U.S.-China relations 84
4.3.3 Hurting both the U.S. and Pakistan in Afghanistan 85
4.3.4 Following regional-based counter-terrorism policy 86
4.3.5 Alliance with China and Russia 87
4.4 Analysis of case study of military operations 88
Chapter#5: Analyses of Survey and In-depth Interview 93
5.1 Introduction 93
5.2 Surveys 94
5.2.1H1: Success or failure of military operation depends upon regional discourse 94
5.2.2 H2: The resistance showed by people against Pakistan military depends upon the U.S. military activity against the militants in Pakistan 100
5.2.3 H3: Success or Failure of military operation depends on terrorist political orientation of militant groups towards Pakistani government 101
5.3 Survey Analysis 105
5.4 In-depth Interviews 111
5.4.1 H1: Success or failure of military operation depends upon regional discourse 111
5.4.1.1 Army respondents 111
5.4.1.2 Media respondents 119
5.4.1.3 Political respondent 122
5.4.2 H2: The resistance showed by people against Pakistan military depends upon the U.S. military activity against militants in Pakistan 125
5.4.2.1 Army respondents 125
5.4.2.2 Media respondents 128
5.4.2.3 Political respondents 128
5.4.3 H3: Success or failure of military operation depends on terrorist political orientation of militant groups towards Pakistani government 129
5.4.3.1 Army respondents 129
5.4.3.2 Media respondents 133
5.4.3.3 Political analysts 136
5.5 Finding and analysis 139
Chapter#6: Conclusion 146
6.1 Summary of key findings 146
6.2 Implications of findings 155
6.3 Limitations and suggestions of study 157
Appendix 159
Interviews from army persons 159
Bibliography 187
Degree
Doctor
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대학원 > 국제지역학과
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