PUKYONG

Synthesis of Quinoxaline-based Conjugated Polymers with Strong Electron-withdrawing Cyano Group for Photovoltaic Application

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Abstract
A new series of the quinoxaline-based conjugated polymers have been successfully synthesized for photovoltaic application. The polymers were synthesized by the Stille coupling reaction and have construction based on the donor-pi bridge-acceptor (D-π-A) configuration. The 2-ethylhexyloxy benzodithiophene (BDT) as the donor backbone is connected to the di(m-hexyloxy) phenylquinoxaline (DPQ) acceptor backbone through thiophene bridge, to afford PBEh-QxHex. A cyano group, as the strong electron-withdrawing substituent, was incorporated on quinoxaline structure to yield PBEh-QxCNHex, since the previous studies showed that the conjugated polymers with the substituents had a notable effect on the solar cell device. The introducing of the cyano group can enhance intermolecular interaction, leading to the improvement of all photovoltaic properties. The PBEh-QxCNHex possesses the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.79 V, short-circuit current (Jsc) of 17.24 mA/cm2, and fill factor (FF) of 53.3%. Furthermore, the substitution of 2-ethylhexyloxy to 2-ethylhexyl-fluorinated thiophene moiety on the BDT unit producing PBTF-QxCNHex conduces higher photovoltaic properties. These all-polymer devices were fabricated based on an inverted-type structure with ITO/ZnO/polymer: PC71BM/MoO3/Al configuration. Owing to the better planarity in PBTF-QxCNHex, this polymer exhibits the highest PCE of 8.66%, followed by Voc of 0.92 V, short-circuit current (Jsc) of 15.59 mA/cm2, and fill factor (FF) of 60.7%.
본 연구는 태양전지에 적용 가능한 새로운 퀴녹살린 기반의 공액 구조 고분자 series 를 성공적으로 합성하였다. Stille coupling reaction을 이용하여 donor-pi bridge-acceptor (D-π-A) 배열을 가지는 고분자를 합성하였다. 전자공여체로 사용되는 2-ethylhexyloxyn benzodithiophene(BDT)는 thiophene ring과 연결되어 이 결합된 전자수용체의 중심인 di(m-hexyloxy)phenylquinoxaline (DPQ)와 thiophene bridge로 연결된 구조의 고분자인 PBEh-QxHex를 합성하였다. 이전의 연구에서 강한 전자 끄는 기로 알려진 cyano 기로 치환된 공액 고분자에서 상당히 좋은 태양전지 효율을 보여주었기 때문에, cyano기가 치환된 퀴녹살린 기반 고분자 PBEh-QxCNHex를 합성하였다. Cyano 기의 도입은 분자내 상호작용을 향상시킬 수 있으며, 이에 따라 태양전지의 성능을 향상 시킬 수 있다. PBEh-QxCNHex는 0.79 V의 open-circuit voltage (Voc), 17.24 mA/cm2 의 short-circuit current (Jsc) 그리고 53.3 %의 fill factor (FF)를 지닌다. 또한, PBEh-QxCNHex의 BDT unit에 2-ethylhexyloxy를 대신하여 2-ethylhexyl-fluorinated thiophene 으로 치환된 BDT unit 을 이용하여 치환기로 PBTF-QxCNHex을 합성하였으며, 광전자소자 성능을 향상시킬 수 있었다. 해당 고분자를 기반으로 한 소자는 ITO/ZnO/polymer: PC71BM/MoO3/Al의 배치를 가지는 inverted-type 구조로 만들어졌다. 고분자 구조적으로 PBTF-QxCNHex의 더 좋은 평면성 때문에, 해당 고분자는 0.92V의 Voc, 15.59 mA/cm2의 Jsc, 그리고 60.7%의 fill factor로 8.66%의 가장 좋은 소자 효율을 보였다.
Author(s)
SAGITA CHRISTYOWATI PRIMI
Issued Date
2020
Awarded Date
2020. 2
Type
Dissertation
Publisher
부경대학교
URI
https://repository.pknu.ac.kr:8443/handle/2021.oak/23770
http://pknu.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000283014
Affiliation
Pukyong National University Graduate School
Department
대학원 공업화학과
Advisor
ChangDongwook
Table Of Contents
1.Introduction 1
1.1.Polymer Solar Cells 1
1.2.Basic Working Principles of Polymer Solar Cells 3
1.2.1.Light absorption and exciton generation 3
1.2.2.Exciton diffusion 4
1.2.3.Exciton dissociation 4
1.2.4.Charge-carrier transport and collection 5
1.3.Device Structure of Polymer Solar Cells 6
1.4.Device Parameters of Polymer Solar Cells 7
1.4.1.Open circuit voltage (Voc) 8
1.4.2.Short Circuit Current Density (Jsc) 9
1.4.3.Fill Factor (FF) 9
1.4.4.Incident Photon to Charge Carrier Efficiency (IPCE) 10
1.5.Basic Principle of Molecular Engineering Design for Polymer Solar Cells 10
1.5.1.Low band-gap of Polymer Solar Cells 11
1.5.2.Polymer Backbone 13
1.5.3.Incorporation of electron-withdrawing groups 15
1.6.The Aim of Thesis 17
2.Experimental Section 18
2.1.Material and Instruments 18
2.2.Synthesis of Monomers 19
2.2.1.1,2-bis(3-(hexyloxy)phenyl)ethane-1,2-dione (3) 19
2.2.2.2,3-bis(3-(hexyloxy)phenyl)-5,8-di(thiophen-2-yl)quinoxaline (5) 20
2.2.3.5,8-bis(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-2,3-bis(3-(hexyloxy)phenyl)quinoxaline (6) 21
2.2.4.5,8-bis(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-2,3-bis(3-(hexyloxy)phenyl)quinoxaline-6-carbonitrile (8) 21
2.3.General Procedure for Polymerization of BDT-dibrominated diphenyl quinoxaline by Stille-coupling reaction 22
2.3.1.Synthesis of PBEh-QxHex 23
2.3.2.Synthesis of PBEh-QxCNHex 24
2.3.3.Synthesis of PBTF-QxCNHex 24
2.4.Fabrication and analysis of photovoltaic devices 27
3.Results and Discussion 29
3.1.Synthesis and Thermal Properties of Polymers 29
3.2.Optical and Electrochemical Properties of Polymers 31
3.3.Theoretical Calculations of Polymers 37
3.4.Photovoltaic Properties of Polymers 39
4.Conclusion 50
References 52
Acknowledgements 59
Degree
Master
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