PEDOT:PSS based Interfacial Engineering for Efficient Large-area Organic Photovoltaics
- Alternative Title
- 효율적인 대면적 유기태양전지제작을 위한 PEDOT:PSS 기반 계면 공학
- Abstract
- Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), a conductive polymer, is attracting the most attention in academia and industrial applications due to its relatively high conductivity compared to other polymers and excellent durability in ambient conditions. PEDOT:PSS, which has flexibility and high visible light transmittance, plays an important role in various devices such as Organic Photovoltaics (OPVs) as a transparent electrode and Hole Transport Layer (HTL) with suitable properties in optoelectronic devices. However, it is necessary to understand each characteristic of the transparent electrode and the hole transport layer for the proper application of PEDOT:PSS. Also, several drawbacks of the application of PEDOT:PSS such as poor adhesion and stability caused by its inherent properties must be addressed. In this dissertation, PEDOT:PSS was applied to each transparent electrode and hole transport layer to improve the characteristics of each role.
PEDOT:PSS is commonly used as a particle dispersion in water. Therefore, it is difficult to uniformly deposit PEDOT:PSS film as HTL on the hydrophobic photoactive in an inverted structure OPV device. In general, additional additives such as Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and surfactants are used to enhance its wettability and morphology. However, since the additive must be added in such a small amount, it is difficult to regulate the amount, there is a concern that the additive would behave as an impurity, decreasing the device efficiency. In this dissertation, only IPA was used without additives to improve wettability and morphology, forming a uniform PEDOT:PSS film on the photoactive layer. In addition, it was verified that the morphology of the PEDOT:PSS film is affected by the stability of the colloidal particles in the solution state, which varies depending on the degree of dispersion in IPA. The well-dispersed PEDOT:PSS gel particles with high colloidal stability in the solution resulted in greater crystalline PEDOT domain sizes. As a result, the morphology of PEDOT:PSS could be controlled by adjusting the amount of IPA without using any other additives. Consequently, this method was effectively applied to a large-area OPV module.
As a transparent electrode, PEDOT:PSS was used as a hybrid electrode with Ag-mesh. However, the swelling property of PEDOT:PSS is caused by the hygroscopic property of PSS counterparts, reducing its stability in an aqueous environment due to degradation or erosion at interfaces of devices. Therefore, a polymeric cross-linker, Poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDE), was introduced between PEDOT:PSS and between hydrophilic PSS to reduce the swelling property and enhance the stability in aqueous environments. Moreover, the epoxy group of PEGDE bonds to Ag-mesh, enhancing its adhesion at the interface. As a result, both the chemical and mechanical durability was enhanced by introducing PEGDE to PEDOT:PSS. Furthermore, a flexible OPV device was fabricated based on the hybrid-PEGDE transparent electrode, showing superior stability in humid conditions and robust mechanical properties.
전도성 고분자인 PEDOT:PSS는 다른 고분자에 비해 상대적으로 높은 전도성과 주변 조건에서의 뛰어난 내구성으로 인해 학계 및 산업 응용 분야에서 가장 주목받고 있다. 유연성 및 높은 가시광선 투과도를 가지는 PEDOT:PSS는 광전자 장치에서 적합한 특성을 가진 투명 전극 및 정공 수송층으로서 유기태양전지 등 여러 장비에서 중요한 역할을 한다. 하지만, PEDOT:PSS의 적절한 적용을 위해서는 투명 전극 및 정공 수송층이 가지는 각각의 특성들을 이해하고, 그 역할에 맞게 사용해야한다. 본 논문에서는 PEDOT:PSS를 투명전극과 정공수송층에 각각 적용하여 역할별 특성을 개선하였다.
PEDOT:PSS는 일반적으로 물에 녹아 있는 입자 분산액으로 사용된다. 역구조 유기태양전지(OPV) 에서는 HTL로 사용되는 PEDOT:PSS의 친수성으로 인해 소수성표면을 가지는 광활성층에 균일하게 코팅하는데 어려움이 있어 일반적으로 IPA 용액과 계면활성제 같은 추가적인 첨가제를 같이 사용 한다. 하지만, 첨가제의 경우 매우 소량으로 사용해야 하므로 양 조절이 어렵고, 불순물로 작용하면서 효율을 감소시킬 우려가 있다. 본 논문에서는 첨가제 없이 IPA 만을 사용하여 습윤성을 향상시켜 균일한 PEDOT:PSS 필름을 형성하였다. 또한, IPA에서의 분산되는 정도에 따라 달라지는 콜로이드입자들의 안정성에 의해 PEDOT:PSS 필름의 morphology 에 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 추가적인 첨가제 없이 IPA 양을 컨트롤 하여 PEDOT:PSS의 morphology 를 컨트롤 하였으며, 이를 대면적 OPV 모듈에도 성공적으로 적용하였다.
투명전극으로는 PEDOT:PSS를 Ag-mesh를 사용한 하이브리드 전극으로 사용하였다. 이 때, PSS 의 흡습 특성으로 인해 발생하는 팽윤 특성은 PEDOT:PSS와 Ag-mesh 계면에서 열화 또는 침식으로 고습 환경에서 안정성이 떨어지게된다. 따라서 고분자 가교제인 PEGDE를 PEDOT:PSS와 다른 물질 사이에 도입하여 팽윤성을 줄이고 습한 조건에서의 안정성을 향상시켰다. 또한, PEGDE의 에폭시기가 Ag-mesh와 결합하여 계면에서의 접착력을 높였고, 그 결과 PEGDE를 도입했을 때 화학적, 기계적 내구성을 모두 향상시키는 것을 확인하였다. 최종적으로 최적화된 Hybrid-PEGDE 투명전극으로 Flexible OPV 를 제작하였고, OPV 소자 또한 습한 조건에서 우수한 안정성과 강력한 기계적 물성을 보여주는 것을 확인하였다.
- Author(s)
- 김석윤
- Issued Date
- 2022
- Awarded Date
- 2022. 2
- Type
- Dissertation
- Keyword
- PEDOT:PSS Organic photovoltaics
- Publisher
- 부경대학교
- URI
- https://repository.pknu.ac.kr:8443/handle/2021.oak/24152
http://pknu.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000607228
- Affiliation
- 부경대학교 대학원
- Department
- 대학원 융합디스플레이공학과
- Advisor
- 김용현
- Table Of Contents
- Chapter 1. Conducting Polymers 1
1. Mechanism of Conducting Polymers 1
1.1 Origin of The Electrical Conductivity 1
1.2 Charge Transport in Conjugated Polymers 6
1.3 DLVO Theory and Zeta Potential 8
2. Conducting Polymer PEDOT:PSS 13
2.1 Development of PEDOT:PSS 13
2.2 Application of PEDOT:PSS 15
Chapter 2. Organic Photovoltaics 18
1. The need for Organic Photovoltaics 18
2. Fundamental Mechanism of OPVs 21
2.1 Bulk Heterojunction OPVs 23
2.2 Energy Conversion Mechanism 25
Chapter 3. Experimental Details 28
1. Materials and Preparation 28
1.1 Materials 28
1.2 The Preparation of Active materials 28
1.3 The preparation of PEDOT:PSS colloidal dispersion 29
1.4 The preparation of PEDOT:PSS with Polymeric Cross-Linker 29
1.6 Fabrication of Organic Photovoltaic (OPV) devices 33
2. Measurement and Characterization 34
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 35
1. Hole Transport Layer 35
1.1 Colloidal Stability and Film Morphology 37
1.2 The Incorporation of PEDOT:PSS HTL in OPV devices 42
1.3 Recombination and Energy Loss in OPV Devices 46
1.4 Comparison of PEDOT:PSS with evaporated MoOX 49
1.5 Fabrication of Large-area modules 51
2. Flexible Transparent Electrode 54
2.1 Introduction of Polymeric Cross-Linker PEGDE 54
2.2 Mechanism of Crosslinking 56
2.3 Electrical, Optical, and Surface Properties 62
2.4 Environmental Stability and Mechanical durability of Electrodes 65
2.5 Photovoltaic Characteristics 68
3. Summary 74
- Degree
- Master
-
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