PUKYONG

Study on the stabilization of heavy metals using limestone and steel making slag and the heavy metal transfer to rice plant

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Alternative Title
석회석과 제강슬래그를 이용한 중금속 안정화 및 벼로의 중금속 전이 연구
Abstract
경남 고성 삼아 폐광산 주변 중금속으로 오염된 농경지 토양에 대하여 안정화제에 의한 중금속의 이동성 저감과 식물로의 중금속 전이 효과를 규명하기 위하여 소석회, 석회석, 제강슬래그를 이용한 안정화 배치/칼럼 실험 및 현장 실증시험이 수행되었다. 연구지역의 토양의 중금속 농도는 Cu 308.36 mg/kg, Zn 1133.31 mg/kg, Pb 422.02 mg/kg으로 토양오염우려기준을 2 ~ 3.8 배 초과하였다.
효과적인 안정화제 선정을 위한 배치실험의 경우, 안정화제 비율을 각각 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 %와 1+1, 1+2, 2+1, 2+3, 3+2 %로 하여 오염토양에 혼합하였다. 배치 실험 결과, 석회석과 제강슬래그를 단일 또는 혼합하여 안정화제로 첨가 할 경우 Cu, Zn, Pb 모두에서 안정화제 무첨가 시료 대비 84 % 이상의 안정화 효율을 타나내었다. 특히 석회석 1 %, 석회석 2 % + 제강슬래그 1 %, 석회석 3 % + 제강슬래그 2 % 첨가 시 Cu, Zn, Pb 모두에서 90 % 이상의 안정화 효율을 나타내었고, 안정화제 첨가 후 토양의 pH 범위는 7.39 ~7.74를 나타내어 배경 시료 (pH 7.21)와 비교 시 큰 변화는 나타나지 않았다.
배치 실험 결과를 토대로, 석회석 3 % + 제강슬래그 2 %를 사용하여 대형 아크릴 칼럼 (직경 15 cm, 높이 1 m)을 이용한 연속 칼럼 실험을 실시하였다. 주입된 인공강우의 양은 연구지역 연평균 강수량의 30 %인 7.69 L/day로 하여 12.8 ml/min의 속도로 5일간(5년 모사) 주입하였다. 실험 결과, 초기(1년) 배경 칼럼에서 용출된 용출수 내 Cu 농도는 0.078 mg/L로 안정화제를 첨가한 칼럼에서 용출된 용출수 내 Cu 농도 (0.030 mg/L)보다 약 62 % 높게 나타났고, 이후 2 ~ 5년 분석결과에서도 안정화제를 첨가한 경우가 첨가하지 않은 경우보다 낮은 Cu 농도를 나타내었다. Pb의 경우, 안정화제를 첨가하지 않은 배경 칼럼에서 용출된 용출수는 칼럼 실험 기간 동안 계속해서 수질환경 기준치 (0.1 mg/L)를 초과하였으나, 안정화제를 첨가한 칼럼의 용출수는 허용치 이하로 감소하며 낮은 Pb 농도를 나타내었다. 용출수의 pH 측정 결과 안정화제 첨가 용출수의 pH는 7.91 ~ 8.23의 범위로 안정화제 무첨가 용출수의 pH (pH 7.48 ~ 8.20)와 비슷하게 나타났다.
현장 실증 시험을 위해 배치와 칼럼 실험에서 높은 안정화 효율을 나타낸 석회석 1 %, 석회석 2 % + 제강슬래그 1 %, 석회석 3 % + 제강슬래그 2 %를 안정화제로 사용한 시험구와 안정화제를 첨가하지 않은 배경치 시험구를 포함한 총 4개의 시험구 (2 m x 2 m x 0.5 m)를 현장에 설치하였다. 각 시험구 당 4개의 PVC pipe를 30 cm 와 50 cm 지점에 설치하여 1, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90일 주기로 토양수를 채취하였고, 시험구 설치 2주 후, 각 시험구에 모내기를 실시하여 115일간 재배한 벼를 채취해 뿌리, 줄기를 포함한 잎, 쌀알로 나누어 부위별 중금속 농도를 분석하였다. 토양 중금속 농도 분석 결과, Cu와 Pb의 경우 모든 시험구에서 300 mg/kg 이상으로 토양오염우려기준 (Cu : 150 mg/kg, Pb : 200 mg/kg)을 초과하였지만, 석회석과 제강슬래그를 혼합하여 첨가한 시험구 (T3, T4)에서 가장 낮은 농도를 나타내었고, 배경 시험구의 Zn 농도는 토양오염우려기준 (300 mg/kg)을 초과하였지만 석회석 3 %와 제강슬래그 2 %를 혼합하여 첨가한 시험구(T4)의 경우 260 mg/kg 이하로 현장 실증 시험 기간 동안 지속적으로 토양오염우려기준 이하의 농도를 나타내었다. 채취된 토양수의 경우, 안정화제 적용 10 일째 채취한 토양수의 Cu, Zn, Pb의 농도는 배경 시험구 (T1)에서 가장 높았고, 석회석 3 % + 제강슬래그 2 %를 첨가한 시험구 (T4)에서 가장 낮게 나타났으며, 안정화제를 첨가한 시험구의 토양수 내 Cu와 Pb 농도는 10일째부터 급격하게 감소하여 기준치 이하 (Pb : 0.1 mg/L)로 나타났다. Zn의 경우, 모든 시험구내 토양수에서 농도 저감이 발생하였지만 석회석 3 % + 제강슬래그 2 %를 첨가한 시험구 (T4)에서만 지속적인 감소가 나타났다. 따라서 토양 및 토양수의 중금속 농도는 안정화제 첨가에 의한 감소로 판단되었고 석회석 3 % + 제강슬래그 2 %를 안정화제로 사용할 경우 안정화 효율이 가장 높게 나타났다. 실증시험에 사용된 토양과 토양수의 안정화제 첨가에 따른 물리화학적 특성 변화 조사 결과, 토양의 pH, TOC, CEC, T-N, T-P와 토양수 pH, EC, TDS, ORP와 같은 토양의 물리화학적 특성은 안정화제 적용에 의한 측정값의 변화가 거의 없어, 안정화제 첨가에 의한 토양의 물리화학적 변화는 관찰되지 않았다.
식물 (벼)로의 중금속 전이에 대한 안정화제 영향을 관찰한 결과, 벼의 성장에 따른 단위 무게 당 Cu와 Zn, Pb의 식물 전이는 뿌리가 가장 높았고, 줄기를 포함한 잎, 쌀알 순으로 나타났으며 쌀알의 중금속 농도는 허용 기준치 (0.2 mg/kg)이하로 나타나 오염토양에서 생산된 쌀일 지라도 섭취가 가능 할 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 석회석 3 % + 제강슬래그 2 %를 첨가한 시험구 (T4)에서 채취된 벼의 평균 Cu, Zn, Pb 농도는 뿌리에서 각각 38.32 mg/kg, 18.90 mg/kg,37.64 mg/kg, 줄기를 포함한 잎에서 각각 4.43 mg/kg, 1.52 mg/kg, 3.35 mg/kg로 나타나 안정화제를 첨가하지 않은 시험구에서 채취된 식물의 중금속 농도보다 낮았다.
본 연구를 통하여 안정화제의 첨가는 토양으로부터 중금속 용출을 방지 할 뿐만 아니라 중금속의 식물 전이도 감소시키는 것으로 나타났으며, 본 연구지역에는 석회석 3 % + 제강슬래그 2 %를 안정화제로 첨가할 경우 높은 중금속 안정화 효과를 기대할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.
Stabilization experiments using lime, limestone, and steel making slag to decrease mobilization and leaching of heavy metal were performed for the heavy metal contaminated farmland around Sam-a abandoned mine in Goseong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. Soil used in the research was contaminated with Cu of 308.36 mg/kg, Zn of 1133.31 mg/kg and Pb of 422.02 mg/kg, which were 2 ~ 3.8 times higher than KSPWL. Powdered lime, granulated limestone (2 ~ 10 mm in diameter) and granulated steel making slag (2 ~ 5 mm in diameter) were used as amendments for experiments.
In batch experiments to decide the optimal amount of amendment, the mass ratio (wt%) of each amendment to soil was 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 % and the mixed amendment ratio was (1+1) %, (1+2) %, (2+1) %, (2+3) % and (3+2) %. The stabilization efficiencies of Cu, Zn and Pb in batch experiments were more than 84 % in case of single or combination usage of limestone and steel making slag, compared with the background (without amendment). The highest stabilization efficiency of heavy metals from the soil (Cu of 96 %, Zn of 100 % and Pb of 91 %) was shown when limestone 3 % + steel making slag 2 % was used as the amendment.
Two column experiments were carried out by using the large acrylic column (15 cm in diameter and 1 m in length). One column was packed with only contaminated soil (20 kg) and the other was packed with the soil mixed the amendment (limestone 3 % + steel making slag 2 %). Thirty percent of the annual average precipitation in Goseong (7.69 L/day) was injected into each column at 12.8 ml/min for 5 days (representing 5 years rainfall). Cu and Pb concentrations of the effluent from the column with amendment after 5 years were 0.025 mg/L and 0.031 mg/L respectively, which were 3 times and 4 times lower respectively than those of the initial effluent from the column without amendment. Pb concentration of the effluent from background column especially exceeded Korea water quality standard (0.1 mg/L for agricultural water), but it decreased by 0.031 mg/L due to the addition of the amendment (limestone 3 % + steel making slag 2 %).
The pilot scale field test was performed in the rice field contaminated with heavy metals and 4 testing grounds (2 m x 2 m x 0.5 m for each) were installed in the field. The top soils (0.5 m in depth) of each testing ground were excavated by the backhoe and soils were mixed with one of three different amendments (limestone 1 % (T2), limestone 2 % + steel making slag 1 % (T3) and limestone 3 % + steel making slag 2 % (T4)), which were backfilled in each testing ground for the field experiment. One testing ground (T1) was also used as the background (without amendment). Four PVC pipes (2.5 cm in diameter) were installed in 0.3 m and 0.5 m depth for each testing ground and more than 100 ml of water was sampled every month to measure heavy metal concentration in soil water. To investigate the heavy metal transfer from soil to rice plants, rice sprouts were planted on the testing grounds in 15 days after the testing grounds were built and grown rice plants were sampled after 115 days. Rice plants were divided into three parts such as roots, leaves (including stem) and grains and their heavy metal concentrations were compared with those of rice sprouts. Initial Zn concentration of soil in T1 was 342.32 mg/kg, which was higher than KSPWL, but Zn concentration of soil in T4 decreased to less than 260.00 mg/kg, which was below KSPWL after 3 months. For Cu and Pb concentrations in soil water, the stabilization efficiency was presented only in 10 days after stabilization and Cu and Pb concentrations of soil water in T2, T3 and T4 rapidly decreased down below the water quality standard. Specially, heavy metal concentrations of soil water in T4 were lowest (less than 40 % compared with T1 soil water). Zn concentration of soil water continuously decreased only in T4 and the stabilization efficiency of T4 was the highest among 4 testing grounds. To investigate physicochemical property changes of soil and soil water by the amendment, pH, TOC, CEC, T-N and T-P of soil and pH, EC, TDS and ORP of soil water for four testing grounds were measured before and after the stabilization process and the serious physicochemical property changes of soil and soil water by the amendment did not occur during the test.
Analyses of heavy metal concentrations for three different parts of grown rice plants in 115 days indicated that the heavy metal transfer from soil to rice plants was the highest in root parts and the lowest in grains. Heavy metal concentrations in grains were less than Korea tolerance limit (0.2 mg/kg for Pb), suggesting that rice grains were edible even they were produced from the contaminated test site. Average Cu, Zn and Pb concentrations of plant roots in T4 were 38.32 mg/kg, 18.90 mg/kg, and 37.64 mg/kg, respectively and those of leaves (including stem) were 4.43 mg/kg, 1.52 mg/kg, and 3.35 mg/kg, respectively, which were lower than those in T1. It suggested that the heavy metal transfer from soils to rice plants also decreased by the addition of amendment and this deterrent effect was obvious in roots and leaves (including stem).
From this study, it was demonstrated that the use of the amendment such as limestone and steel making slag dose not only prevent heavy metal leaching into water from the soil, but also decrease the plant transfer. As the amendment, the mixture of limestone 3 % and steel making slag 2 % has the highest stabilization capability for this rice field test site contaminated with heavy metals.
Author(s)
Lee, Hajung
Issued Date
2013
Awarded Date
2013. 2
Type
Dissertation
Publisher
부경대학교
URI
https://repository.pknu.ac.kr:8443/handle/2021.oak/24720
http://pknu.dcollection.net/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000001966098
Alternative Author(s)
이하정
Affiliation
부경대학교 대학원
Department
대학원 지구환경시스템과학부지구환경과학전공
Advisor
이민희
Table Of Contents
List of Figures ······································································································ ⅲ

List of Tables ······································································································· ⅴ

Abstract ················································································································ ⅵ

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ················································································ 1

CHAPTER 2. OBJECTIVE ······················································································· 3

CHAPTER 3. BACKGROUND ·················································································· 4
3.1 Outline of research area ················································································· 4
3.1.1 Research area ··························································································· 4
3.1.2 Geological characteristics ·········································································· 6
3.2 Heavy metal contamination in soil ··································································· 7
3.3 Stabilization process ······················································································ 8

CHAPTER 4. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD ······························································· 10
4.1 Materials for the experiment ········································································· 10
4.1.1 Soil sampling and analysis for heavy metal concentration ······················· 10
4.1.2 Measurement of soil properties ······························································ 12
4.1.3 Amendments for experiment ····································································· 12
4.2 Batch experiments ························································································· 13
4.3 Column experiments ······················································································ 16
4.4 Field experiments ························································································ 18
4.4.1 Installation for the field experiments··························································· 18
4.4.2 Sampling and concentration analysis for heavy metal in field experiment ·· 21
4.4.3 Investigation of physicochemical properties change of soil and soil water by amendment ······························································································ 22
4.5.4 Sampling and concentration analysis method of the plant····························· 22

CHAPTER 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ·························································· 24
5.1 Characteristics of materials for the experiment ············································ 24
5.1.1 Concentration analysis for heavy metals ·················································· 24
5.1.2 Measurement of soil properties ································································· 25
5.1.3 Amendments for experiment ···································································· 28
5.2 Batch experiments ························································································ 29
5.3 Column experiments ···················································································· 35
5.4 Field experiments ························································································· 38
5.4.1 Concentration analysis of soil from testing grounds ································· 38
5.4.2 Concentration analysis of soil water from testing grounds ······················ 42
5.4.3 Investigation of physicochemical property change of soil and soil water in testing grounds by the amendment ························································· 46
5.4.3.1 Change of the soil properties ······························································ 46
5.4.3.2 Change of the soil water properties ··················································· 48
5.4.4 Heavy metal transfer to rice plants in testing grounds ····························· 54

CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION ·················································································· 58

REFERENCES ······································································································· 61

SUMMARY (in Korea) ··························································································· 68

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ························································································ 70

APPENDIX ············································································································ 71
Degree
Master
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