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Assessment of marine debris pollution and emergy evaluation of its management measures in Korea

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Alternative Title
한국의 해양쓰레기 오염과 관리정책 평가
Abstract
해양쓰레기가 새로운 지구적 해양오염 이슈로 부각되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 한국 연안의 해양쓰레기 조사 결과를 바탕으로 오염 정도를 평가하고 주 오염원을 규명하였으며, 해양쓰레기가 생물에게 미치는 영향과 정부의 주요 대응 정책을 평가하였다.
2008년 3월부터 2009년 11월까지 시민단체 자원봉사자들의 참여로 전국 20개 해변에서 2개월 간격으로 진행된 해변쓰레기모니터링 결과, 한국 해변에서는 평균 2,404.5 (± 299 SE) count‧km-1‧month-1, 432.5 (± 87.9 SE) kg‧km-1‧month-1, 2.4 (±0.4 SE) m3‧km-1‧month-1의 해양쓰레기가 주기적으로 새롭게 퇴적되는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 기존 연구들 중 오염 수준이 높은 것으로 보고된 나라들과 유사한 수준으로 해양쓰레기 오염에 대한 관리가 더욱 적극적으로 이뤄져야 함을 의미한다. 이 결과는 향후 해양쓰레기 관리정책의 효과 평가를 위한 기초 자료로도 활용될 수 있다. 해양쓰레기의 주 오염원은 어업, 낚시, 해운 등 해상기인이 51.3%로 일상생활, 해변 여가, 투기, 흡연, 농업 등 육상기인 43.6%보다 높은 비율을 보였다. 어업 중에서도 양식업에서 나오는 스티로폼 부자가 가장 높은 빈도를 보여 정책 대안의 개발이 시급한 것으로 나타났다.
해양쓰레기가 야생동물에게 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해, 사례수집용 웹 게시판을 만들고, 2010년 3월부터 2012년 3월까지 전국의 야생동물 구조센터, 연구기관, 탐조단체 등으로부터 수집한 총 45건의 자료를 분석하였다. 한국에서는 21종의 생물들이 해양쓰레기로 인해 피해를 입은 것으로 확인되었고, 그 중 5종이 보호종 혹은 국제적 멸종위기종이었다. 제일 흔하게 피해를 입힌 쓰레기는 낚싯줄, 낚싯바늘 등이었다. 폐어망, 밧줄 등은 빈도는 높지 않았으나 야생동물을 죽음에 이르게 하는 등 치명적 피해를 주었다.
현재 한국의 해양쓰레기 정책 중 가장 많은 예산을 투입하여 15년 이상 추진해 온 ‘청소선을 이용한 정화사업’과 금전적 보상으로 어민들의 참여를 유도하는 ‘조업 중 인양쓰레기 수매사업’, 어민들의 자발적인 참여에 기초한 ‘선상집하장 보급 사업’ 등 3개 사업을 에머지 평가를 통해 비교하였다. 같은 양의 해양쓰레기를 수거하는데 투입되는 에머지는 선상집하장-수매 사업-청소선을 이용한 정화사업이 1:6.4:8.1의 순으로 나타났다. 선상집하장은 어업인들이 입항 시 자발적으로 쓰레기를 가져오기 때문에 추가적인 에너지 투입이 필요 없어 가장 효율적인 사업으로 평가된 반면, 청소선을 이용한 정화사업은 효율이 매우 낮아 많은 개선이 필요한 것으로 나타났다.
이 논문은 한국의 해양쓰레기 정책이 해상기인 해양쓰레기 특히 양식업에서비롯된 해양쓰레기 관리에 우선순위를 두어야 함을 보여준다. 특히, 낚시쓰레기와 어업쓰레기는 멸종위기 생물에게까지 영향을 주고 있어 향후 생태계 피해 파악을 위한 노력과 함께 영향 저감을 위한 정책 수단 발굴이 필요함을 시사하고 있다. 또한 사후 대응인 정화사업보다 오염행위자들의 자발적 참여에 기반한 예방 정책에 투자하는 것이 더 효율적임을 보여준다.
Recently marine debris is a growing global marine environmental issue. This study assessed the level of pollution by marine debris and identified its main source and impacts to wild life in the coastal area of Korea. And the representative management measures to address marine debris problem were comparatively evaluated in terms of emergy concept. Bimonthly surveys by NGOs and volunteers from March 2008 to November 2009 resulted in that the deposition rate of marine debris at twenty beaches was estimated to be 2,404.5 (± 299 SE) count‧km-1‧month-1, 432.5 (± 87.9 SE) kg‧km-1‧month-1, and 2.4 (±0.4 SE) m3‧km-1‧month-1. The result implicates that the level of pollution in the coastal areas of Korea is comparable to South Africa, Europe, Canada, and Japan and higher than South Atlantic region. The main sources were sea-based ones such as commercial fishing, recreational fishing, and shipping (51.3%). Land-based sources (daily consuming, beach recreation, dumping, smoking, and agriculture) accounted for 43.6%. Especially styrofoam buoys from aquaculture was the most serious debris item which should be focused with policy priority. The current study may provide quantitative baseline data to evaluate the effects of management policies.
This study compiled information regarding how marine debris impacts wildlife in Korea. Cases of marine debris impacting wildlife were collected from experts of various fields and from local participants through an open access website from February 2010 to March 2012. A total of 21 species were affected by marine debris. Five threatened or protected species were identified. Monofilament fishing lines and hooks from recreational fishing were the types of debris that most frequently impacted wildlife, especially birds. Impacts by derelict fishing nets and traps were lethal to wildlife in spite of lower frequency.
Among the Korean governmental policies, three management measures were compared. ‘Cleanup-using-ships program (CL)’ is to retrieve derelict fishing gears (DFGs) from sea surface or sea bottom using ships which has been implemented over 15 years. ‘Buyback program (BB)’ is an incentive program to encourage fishermen to bring back DFGs that are caught during fishing activities. ‘Floating barge program (FB)’ provides temporary storage places to fishermen who voluntarily collect DFGs encountered during fishing operation as well as garbage produced on board. The emergy input to retrieve one ton of DFGs among three programs was lowest for FB because once a barge is constructed, it requires very low extra input for collection of DFGs. The emergy investments for CL and BB were 8.1 and 6.4 times higher than that of FB, respectively. These results show that CL needs to be significantly improved.
This study concludes that governmental policies in Korea should focus on sea-based sources, especially aquaculture activities. Recreational fishing gears and commercial fishing gears deadly affect endangered and protected species. Efforts to know the impacts to ecosystem and to develop effective management measures are needed. The study suggests that preventive measures based on voluntary participation of polluters are much more efficient than end-of-pipe control such as cleanup-using-ships.
Author(s)
Sunwook Hong
Issued Date
2013
Awarded Date
2013. 8
Type
Dissertation
Publisher
부경대학교
URI
https://repository.pknu.ac.kr:8443/handle/2021.oak/25361
http://pknu.dcollection.net/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000001966434
Alternative Author(s)
홍선욱
Affiliation
대학원
Department
대학원 생태공학과
Advisor
Daeseok Kang
Table Of Contents
I. INTRODUCTION 3
1.1. Background and Purpose 3
1.2. Scope and structure 7
II. DEPOSITION RATE AND SOURCE OF BEACH DEBRIS 9
2.1. Introduction 9
2.2. Literature review 10
2.3. Method 15
2.3.1. Study Area 15
2.3.2. Data card 18
2.3.3. Survey methods 18
2.3.4. Source classification 19
2.3.5. Statistical test 20
2.4. Results 20
2.4.1. Deposition rates of beach debris 20
2.4.2. Composition and Top 10 26
2.4.3. Beach debris sources 28
2.5. Discussion 30
2.5.1. Comparison of deposition rates of beach debris (counts, weights and volume) 30
2.5.2. Sources 34
2.5.3. Management priority 39
2.5.4. Response to foreign debris 40
2.5.5. Volunteer participation and citizen science 42
III. IMPACTS OF MARINE DEBRIS ON WILD ANIMALS IN THE COASTAL AREA OF KOREA 45
3.1. Introduction 45
3.2. Literature review 47
3.2.1. Impact on marine ecosystem 47
3.2.2. Studies in East Asian region 50
3.3. Methods 51
3.4. Results 53
3.4.1. Spatial distribution of reported cases 53
3.4.2. Species impacted by marine debris 56
3.4.3. Marine debris impacting wild animals 63
3.5. Discussion 67
3.5.1. Wild animal species affected by marine debris 67
3.5.2. Management priority 69
3.5.3. Implications for protected species management 71
3.5.4. Value of participatory data collection 72
IV. EMERGY EVALUATION OF MEASURES FOR MARINE DEBRIS MANAGEMENT 75
4.1. Introduction 75
4.2. Literature review 77
4.3. Study target 82
4.3.1. Cleanup of derelict fishing gears (DFGs) using ships (CL) 82
4.3.2. Buyback program of DFGs (BB) 84
4.3.3. Floating barge for DFGs (FB) 87
4.4. Methods 89
4.5. Result 93
4.5.1. Emergy evaluation of ‘Cleanup-using-ships program (CL)’ 93
4.5.2. Emergy evaluation of ‘Buyback program (BB)’ 97
4.5.3. Emergy evaluation of ‘Floating barge program (FB)’ 101
4.6. Discussion 105
4.6.1. Emergy evaluation of three management measures 105
4.6.2. Implication for improvement of evaluated policies 107
4.6.3. Suggestion for optimization of three policy options 109
V. CONCLUSIONS 111
국문 요약
REFERENCES 116
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 131
APPENDIX A: Information on the surveys in Chapter II 134
A.1. Survey framework 134
A.2. Site location and picture of each site 135
A.3. Dates of survey at each site 149
A.4. Source classification of debris item (total counts: 105,797). 150
APPENDIX B: Information on the incidents in Chapter III 156
Degree
Doctor
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대학원 > 생태공학과
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