Emergy Analysis and Energy Simulation for the Sustainable Development of Fishery Production in Indonesia

Abstract

세계적인 인구 증가로 인해 식용 수산자원에 대한 요구가 증가하고 있다. 따라서 세계 최대의 군도 국가인 인도네시아에게는 큰 기회가 될 수 있다. 수산업의 가장 큰 문제는 수산자원에 대한 관리이다. 수산업에 대해 평가할 수 있는 방법에는 여러 가지가 있으나 본 연구에서는 자연과 인간 경제 활동을 동일한 척도에서 평가하는 에머지 분석법을 사용한다. 또한 에너지시뮬레이션을 통하여 인도네시아 수산업의 지속적인 발전 방안을 모색하였다.

인도네시아의 수산업은 필리핀, 스리랑카, 에콰도르 등 개발 도상 국가에 적용한 수산업 방법과 유사한 에머지 지수를 나타내고 있다. 에머지 분석결과 인도네시아에 생산성과 지속성이 가장 높은 수산업은 해면어업과 연안양식이다. 에머지 시뮬레이션 결과 해면어업은 수산자원을 생산하는 자연에 가장 큰 영향을 받고 있으며, 최대어획가능량은 서식처의 규모에 따라 결정된다. 따라서 지속적인 수산업을 위해서는 최대어획가능량 한도내에서 조업할 수 있도록 규제하여야 한다. 연안양식의 경우는 외부에서 유입되는 자원의 양이 생산량에 가장 큰 영향을 준다. 본 연구의 결과 최적의 생산량을 얻기까지 많은 연구가 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

결과적으로 인도네시아의 수산업을 발전시키는 방법은 수산자원의 양을 고려한 해면어업과 최적 생산량을 고려한 연안양식 두 가지 이다. 복합양식이 생산성이 높고 환경부하가 적으며 지속성이 높아서 최적 생산량에 도달하는 좋은 방법이 될 수도 있다.

The world's population is projected to reach 9.3 billion in 2050 according to the medium variant of UN projections. Expansion in the world's human population will increase future demand for fish products. According to the FAO report (2012) fisheries and aquaculture contributed around 16% of animal protein intake and support to the livelihood of 10-12% of the world population. Indonesia as one of the largest archipelagic country in the world has a huge chance to be the world fisheries producer. As global fisheries yield is constrained by ecosystems productivity and management effectiveness, per capita fish consumption can only be maintained or increased if aquaculture makes an increasing contribution to the volume and stability of global fish supplies. Here, we use “emergy analysis” and “energy simulations” to investigate the feasibility of sustaining current and increased per capita fish consumption rates in Indonesia. In Indonesia, there are six kinds of fish production systems: marine capture fishery, freshwater capture fishery, marine and freshwater aquaculture, brackish pond and floating cages aquaculture. Emergy indices (EYR, EIR, ELR and ESI) calculated in this study showed almost similar number with another system previously reported in Philippines, Sri Lanka and Ecuador. These results suggest that, fishery production methods applied in Indonesia have the similar condition with fishery production methods applied in those aforementioned countries. Interestingly, marine capture fishery system and marine aquaculture fishery system showed slightly different value. Emergy indices calculated for marine capture system were 2.78, 0.18, 0.18, and 15.26 for EYR, EIR, ELR, and ESI, respectively. Meanwhile indices calculated for marine aquaculture were 1.76, 1.34, 1.34, and 1.31 for EYR, EIR, ELR and ESI respectively. Higher value of EYR and ESI means that the system are more dependent on its renewable energy, and lower ELR value mean stress loaded from the system to its environmental is low. Hence, those two methods have a great potential to be develop in Indonesia. Based on the energy simulation, application of marine capture fishery is intensely depended on the nature to provide fish stock. Therefore, controlling the maximum allowable catch in this system is urgently needed to pursue sustainable production of fish by the nature. Meanwhile, application of marine aquaculture system is greatly affected by purchased energy flows. However, these systems have opportunities to be developed to obtain the optimum yields. Hence, invest more capital money to fulfill the requirement of purchased energy flow may preferred in order to increase the optimum yields.

Collectively, it can be concluded that among six fish production systems in Indonesia, marine capture system and marine aquaculture system were the most effective one; by considering the limitation factors. As an additional discourse, application of complex aquaculture might become another option for the development of fish production in Indonesia. Because these systems has less risk, more profitable, and in term of energy it has higher efficiency.