상황과 격식성에 따른 한국어 담화 표지의 운율 연구

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyze Korean discourse markers in quasi-spoken language, and to examine the prosodic realization patterns of Korean discourse markers depending on the context and formality in public and private discourse. According to previous studies, the context of utterances differs depending on age, status, class, gender, and the degree of intimacy. And this study was conducted based on the idea that the realization patterns of ‘discourse markers’ can vary depending on the context of utterance situations. With regards to the definitions of existing discourse markers, there are differences among scholars, and there are many discussions without distinguishing how the grammatical status of discourse markers is different from words. The discourse markers discussed in this study are defined and used as a kind of interjections, fillers, and exclamations. This study defined the cases, which deviate from the existing dictionary meanings or propositional meanings including the modality functions discussed in previous studies, as discourse markers. And it included the contextual dimension and the grammatical dimension that had not been mentioned before. To this end, this study analyzed the realization patterns of discourse markers in consideration of discourse context and formality. By using quasi-spoken language data, it examined the realization patterns of discourse markers according to discourse types by dividing the types according to the situation and formality. Through this, it analyzed the relationship between the context of situations and discourse markers. This study extracted the entire individual discourse markers from quasi-spoken language data to analyze the prosody of discourse markers according to the situation and formality. It extracted video and audio as drama data, and then edited and used the necessary part to examine the individual discourse markers according to the discourse situation and formality. The first research question was to look into how individual discourse markers appear according to discourse context and formality. The frequency rankings of discourse markers were different according to the situation. Also, the frequency rankings were different in both formal and informal discourse types. The different frequency rankings of individual discourse markers can be regarded as the speaker’s different preference for discourse markers depending on the context and formality. In addition, the second research question analyzed the prosodic realization patterns of discourse markers by discourse type, in order to examine how the prosodic features of the same discourse markers appear depending on the discourse situation and formality. The discourse marker prosodic patterns of public discourse were shown in the order of La > L% > LH% > LHa > Ha > H% > HL%, LHL% > HL%, and the discourse marker prosodic patterns of private discourse were shown in the order of La > L% > LH% > Ha > LHa > HL% > H%, HLa > LHL% > HLH% > LHLH%. In both public and private discourse, the low-tone(La, L%) prosodic pattern was the most frequent. However, when comparing public discourse with private discourse, public discourse showed the higher frequency of low-tone(La, L%) prosodic patterns. ‘LHL%’ and ‘LH%’ are often observed in sentence utterance, especially in news broadcasts, which also convey the meaning of persuasion, argument, and confirmation. In this way, in the situation of public discourse, various types of discourse markers appeared more than in private discourse. In addition, when it comes to the ratio of Accentual Phrases(AP) and Intonational Phrase(IP) realized in formal and informal discourse, the ratios of individual discourse markers in private discourse showed the higher realization of AP among total utterances, compared to public discourse. It suggests that individual discourse markers are more utilized due to the realization of AP when the speaker makes utterances. In addition, the prosodic patterns of discourse markers for informal discourse were shown in the order of La > L% > LH% > LHa > Ha > H% > HL%, LHL% > HLa, and the discourse marker prosodic patterns for informal discourse were shown in the order of La > L% > LH% > Ha > LHa > H% > HL% > HLa > LHL% > HLH%, LHLH%. For both formal and informal discourse, the low-tone(La, L%) prosodic pattern was the most frequent. However, the sum of the frequency of all individual discourse markers was characterized by the high frequency of low-tone(La, L%) prosodic patterns in informal discourse, but in informal discourse, it showed the high frequency of low-tone(La, L%) prosodic patterns. In the analysis of quasi-spoken language data in this study, the frequency and the rate of low-tone(La, L%) were higher in formal discourse than in private discourse. It also implies that ‘LHL%’ and ‘LH%’ are not only seen in public discourse situations, but also often in informal discourse situations, such as everyday conversation. As a result of the analysis, various prosodic patterns were observed when the speaker revealed a specific emotional attitude, especially in private and informal discourse. However, when it comes to the ratio of Accentual Phrases(AP) and Intonational Phrase(IP) realized in formal and informal discourse, there was no significant difference in formal discourse and informal discourse. Lastly, individual discourse markers sometimes showed a pragmatic role depending on the situation and the context. This study suggests that individual discourse markers can reveal the speaker’s emotional attitude by using the AP prosodic features of individual discourse markers without forming a single IP. It also found that the discourse markers are used differently depending on the situation and formality, such as honorific expression. This was possible because it was an analysis on the intonation of discourse markers considering the context according to the context and formality. However, the limitations of this study are as follows. There may be differences in the spoken language in our lives and the quasi-spoken language data used in this study, which is a drama script. And the realization patterns of individual discourse markers may appear differently in spoken language. Nevertheless, this study will be a basis to help Korean language education by classifying discourse types to analyze and present the prosodic features.