Apoptosis and Anti-proliferation in HeLa and SK-N-SH Cells using Crude Extract of Ganoderma applanatum, Stomopneustes variolaris, and Phospholipid of Scomberomorus niphonius

Abstract

Cancer is one of the health challenges and leading causes of death in the world these days. Maternal and child health is one of the most vulnerable to cancer. The global expansion of cancer registries has prompted the quest for innovative treatments that are toxic to cancer cells but have no impact on normal cells. The anticancer medications previously used displayed relatively considerable toxicity not only to tumor cells but also to the normal cells of the affected body area. The quest for new anticancer medicines is now being conducted in both terrestrial and marine habitats. Plants have been used to heal ailments for millennia. As part of traditional folk medicine, numerous plants are taken for their health advantages in various regions of the globe. The rising occurrence of many forms of cancer have necessitated the development of novel anticancer medications. Several anticancer medicines obtained from plant materials are evaluated on cells (including diverse cancer cell lines) and experimental animals before being submitted to clinical trials. In recent years, the number of newly identified natural chemicals has increased dramatically. In addition, there are several pharmacologically active substances for which the quantitative interactions are known. Plants that have been used for ages in traditional medicine have been used as sources of compounds with high biological activity. One way to get these compounds is by extracting them from plant matter. Utilizing biotechnology to develop anticancer chemicals derived from plants is another strategy. The anticancer chemicals of natural origin (e.g., from plants and aquatic sources) correspond to a variety of chemical classes. Their effects have been evaluated on various cancer cell lines, experimental animals, and in human treatment. Their prevalence and range of modes of action, such as binding to microtubules, topoisomerase inhibition, DNA binding, cell-cycle arrest, antiproliferation and apoptosis, have been evaluated. Cervical cancer is caused by a number of cofactors, including oral contraceptive use, smoking, multiparity, HIV and HPV infection, etc. One of the major and considerable etiologies is the persistent infection of the oncogenic human papilloma virus. G. applanatum is a valuable medicinal mushroom that has been widely used as a folk medicine for the treatment and prevention of various diseases. In this study, we obtained crude extract from G. applanatum mushroom; a cell viability assay was done, and the crude extract showed a cytotoxic effect in HeLa cells with an IC50 of 1.55 ± 0.01 mg/ml. Protein expression was detected and suggested the loss of survival in a dose-dependent manner. DNA fragmentation was seen in the treatment groups as compared to the control group. Gene expression implies apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, anti-angiogenic activity was observed with an IC50 of 531.28 ± 6.55 μg/ml crude extract. Identification and quantification of compounds showed 2(5H)furanone with an IC50 of 1.99 ± 0.01 μg/ml and 2-hydroxy-gamma-butyrolactone could be responsible for the cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic compounds, respectively. Likewise, S. variolaris is a valuable sea creature that has long been used as a folk medicine to cure and prevent a variety of ailments. The crude extract had a cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells with an IC50 of 723.1 ± 9.73 µg/ml. RNA/mRNA expression and fragmentation of the nuclear content of HeLa were revealed a dose-dependent manner apoptotic and antiproliferative activities. Antiangiogenic activity was reported with an IC50 of 797.3 ± 4.04 µg/ml crude extract. Anticancer activity could be attributed to dodecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and tetradecanoic acid, while anti-angiogenic activity could be attributed to 2-hydroxy-gamma-butyrolactone content. Neuroblastoma is the most common solid extra-cranial neoplasm in children. S. niphonius is a valuable edible fish that has been widely used for human diet. The phospholipid extract showed anticancer activity on neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells, and the anticancer activity was presented with an IC50 of 710.25 ± 28.31 µg/ml. Signaling proteins and gene expression imply apoptosis. The experimental groups had more fragmented DNA than the control group. Angiogenesis inhibition activity of the extracted phospholipid was observed with an IC50 of 251.93 ± 9.68 μg/ml phospholipid. The use of HPLC allowed for the detection of both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in the extracted phospholipid. These results demonstrated for the first time that crude extracts of G. applanatum and S. variolaris, as well as phospholipid extracts of S. niphonius, had anticancer properties. This work will provide crucial information for discovering the molecular pathways behind apoptosis in cancer cells.