멍게 양식업의 발전 전략에 관한 연구

Abstract

Sea Squirts aquaculture has been practiced in Korea for nearly 50 years since aquaculture technology was popularized in the 1970s. During that time, there have been many ups and downs, including a crisis in the existence of sea squirt aquaculture itself due to mass mortality. Still, it is recognized as an essential aquaculture variety as one of the nine aquaculture observation items of the Fisheries Observation Center of the Korea Maritime Institute. Since Sea Squirts are classified as a cold-water fish species with a winter spawning season, under the RCP 8.5 scenario due to global climate change, sea squirts will gradually reduce their aquaculture-suitable waters, and by 2100, they will have very low aquaculture suitability except for some waters in the South Sea and Gangwon Province. This study aims to present the problems faced by analyzing the current status of sea squirt agriculture and to seek ways to develop sea squirt farming in the future. Producing healthy artificial seedlings to produce sea squirts stably, mobile agriculture as a way to reduce mass mortality, automation of harvesting and sorting to reduce labor costs due to the nature of sea squirt agriculture, which requires a high proportion of labor costs, and multi-purpose offshore workbenches to increase work efficiency, etc. was developed. Most sea squirts are shipped Non-consignment Fishery Products, and live sea squirts are mainly consumed, with Japanese sea squirts almost completely replacing them at certain times. As a result of interviews and surveys conducted with fishermen in the three main producing areas of sea squirts - Gyeongsangnam-do, Gangwon-do, and Gyeongsangbuk-do - each region was producing sea squirts in a method suited to the marine environment of each region, as follows. The most significant difference is that Gyeongsangnam-do on the south coast responded to diseases and natural disasters by encouraging movement. In contrast, Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do on the east coast, which have deep water, responded to diseases and natural disasters through water depth control. The results of the management analysis by region showed that the south coast had a relatively lower share of labor costs than the east coast because it was heavily revitalized by using multi-purpose workbenches. Still, the management performance was the weakest in Gyeongsangnam-do and the highest in Gangwon-do. Gyeongsangnam-do had the lowest labor costs and the highest fuel costs due to its high mobility. Due to climate change, the main production area of sea squirts is expected to shift from Gyeongsangnam-do to Gangwon-do. Problems with sea squirts aquaculture have been raised repeatedly but have yet to be solved, and according to a survey of experts, they include disease outbreaks, natural disasters, distribution structure, overproduction, consumption structure centered on live sea squirts, and concentrated shipments at certain times of the year. Finally, the study presented five ways to develop sea squirt aquaculture, including solutions to problems. First, we proposed long-term relocation of fishing grounds, short-term migration patterns, and preemptive disaster forecasting as climate and environmental factors. Second, the factors for technology development were divided into engineering technology and biological technology. Engineering technology includes developing aquaculture facilities that can withstand the damage of offshore food and typhoons due to climate change. These automatic buoy attachment machines, automated mobile aquaculture, and tunicata removal machines can reduce labor costs. At the same time, the biological technology includes diversifying sea squirt agriculture varieties, mixed farming, and producing SPF or SPR mother sea squirts. In the third section on productive factors, we presented the following: preventing high-density aquaculture by using oyster shells for proper planting and seed attachment; distributing the production season by producing seeds early; providing real-time data on surface and bottom water temperatures near sea squirts aquaculture in Gyeongsangnam-do, the main shipping area; maximizing the effect of bottom water during high temperatures in summer by adjusting the length of sea squirts hanging line to 3 meters; developing frozen and processed foods; and developing functional materials. Fourth, regarding distribution and consumption structure, the researchers suggested expanding Consignment sales of Fisheries Cooperative, developing various recipes, promoting health benefits, strengthening country of origin labeling, and strengthening quarantine for Japanese imports. Finally, for policy and institutional factors, they suggested relocating fishing grounds, expanding R&D projects to develop sea squirts aquaculture technology, thoroughly quarantining and promoting imported seafood from Japan, and realizing disaster insurance. Japan has similar problems with sea squirt aquaculture as Korea and is preparing accordingly. Miyagi Prefecture (2015), the main production area for sea squirts, is trying to stabilize the aquaculture industry by improving facilities, supporting production technology, fostering strong management, strengthening sales, and enhancing the food safety of cultured fishery products. In addition, in Japan, Tunic-softness Syndrome, which is a significant problem in sea squirt aquaculture, has been designated as a specific disease under the Act to Secure Sustainable Aquaculture Production, and the Guidelines for Measures to Prevent Tunic-softness Syndrome in sea squirts were published in 2016 to control the disease systematically. This study is significant in examining the overall aspects of sea squirt aquaculture. However, there is a limitation that only 4 Gyeongsangnam-do, 4 Gangwon-do, and 3 Gyeongsangbuk-do provinces were examined for fishermen with scale by region, but it seems that there have been some achievements by showing regional management characteristics according to the sea area. In the future, it is necessary to examine support measures by region and scale in detail through economic analysis by scale of fish farms with a larger sample. In addition, seeing that sea squirts from Japan, which have marine characteristics similar to those of Korea, are imported after shipping sea squirts from Korea, we can see that Japan's management method differs from ours in preparing for diseases caused by high temperatures. It is regrettable that if we had investigated in detail how to respond to illnesses caused by high temperatures, we would have been able to find a way to enable year-round shipment in Korea. Therefore, future research on technology and management methods for sea squirt agriculture in Japan appears necessary.