A Novel 4DT-Wx System Architecture for the Orchestration of Meteorological Data in Aviation Trajectory-Based Operations

Abstract

This research presents a comprehensive geospatial information-driven framework for integrating meteorological data into Trajectory-Based Operations (TBO), addressing a critical gap in contemporary Air Traffic Management (ATM) systems. The implementation of ICAO's Global Air Navigation Plan (GANP) necessitates seamless integration of four-dimensional trajectories with atmospheric data; however, significant technical barriers exist in processing high-volume meteorological datasets and achieving real-time operational integration. To overcome these challenges, this study developed a 4DT-Wx (4D Trajectory-Weather) prototype system leveraging multi-model meteorological integration. The architecture employs Apache Spark-based distributed computing to efficiently process LDAPS and GDAPS datasets, which are systematically integrated with ADS-B trajectory data to provide trajectory-specific meteorological information. Empirical evaluation was conducted using approximately 2,000 actual flight trajectories within the Incheon Flight Information Region. Comparative analysis of linear, spline, and inverse distance weighting interpolation methodologies yielded quantitative assessments of computational efficiency and accuracy. Additionally, the implementation of buffer zones around flight trajectories enhanced operational flexibility in decision-making processes. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the system achieved high correlation coefficients (R² > 0.92) for critical parameters including temperature, wind direction, and wind speed. Performance evaluation using the Ahmed et al. parallel processing model yielded exceptional predictive accuracy (R² > 0.95) for system scalability, confirming its robustness under increasing computational demands. This research introduces a novel H3-based three-dimensional visualization methodology that significantly enhances meteorological data representation. Implementation utilizing WebGL and Pydeck technologies demonstrated superior rendering performance (58.97 FPS average) and minimal API latency (30-60ms), confirming its suitability for operational deployment. The integration of G-KTG data further extends the system's contribution to aviation safety through enhanced turbulence forecasting capabilities. Future research directions include ultra-high-resolution weather prediction models, expansion of meteorological variables, and development of role-specific interfaces optimized for stakeholders across the aviation ecosystem.