Application of Slurry Ice Freezing for Improving the Quality and Storage Stability of Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) during Frozen Storage
- Abstract
- 국내 양식어류 생산량 1위인 넙치는 활어회 중심의 소비패턴으로 인해 내수 소비 및 생산량이 정체되어 있으며, 장거리 유통에 적합한 가공기술이 부족한 상황이다. 2024년 기준 우리나라 해면양식업 생산량은 약 8만 톤, 생산액은 12.12조 원에 달하며, 이 중 넙치는 생산량 4만 톤, 생산액 6.84조 원으로 전체 해면양식의 56%를 차지하는 핵심 품종이다. 또한 우리나라는 전 세계에서 넙치 생산 및 수출 모두 1위를 기록하고 있으며, 이는 지역 경제 뿐만 아니라 국가 산업의 부가가치 창출에도 크게 기여할 수 있다.
최근 가정간편식(HMR) 수요 증가와 함께 초밥 및 생선회를 즐기는 문화가 세계적으로 확산됨에 따라, 넙치회를 장거리 유통 가능한 냉동 가공품으로 전환하려는 요구가 높아지고 있다. 이에 따라 고품질을 유지하면서도 유통 효율이 높은 냉동회 제품 개발은 넙치 산업의 경쟁력 제고를 위한 핵심 전략으로 간주된다.
본 연구의 목적은 슬러리아이스 동결법(Slurry Ice Freezing, SIF)을 넙치회에 적용하여, 저장 중 품질 변화 및 식감 저하의 구조적 메커니즘을 규명하고, 이를 바탕으로 식감 개선 및 제품화 가능성을 탐색하는 것이다.
제1장에서는 슬러리아이스 동결법(SIF)을 적용하여 넙치회를 냉동한 후, 일반적인 송풍식 동결법(Air Freezing, AF)과 비교 분석하였다. 품질 분석 결과, 신선도 지표(ATP 관련 물질, K값)와 영양성분(비타민 A, E 및 지방산 조성)의 경우 동결 전후 비교에서 큰 이상은 없었다. 그러나 식감 분석 결과, 두 동결법 모두에서 동결 전보다 파단강도 감소가 관찰되었으며, SIF 처리군은 동결 7일 후에도 571 g의 파단강도로 AF 처리군(430 g)보다 16% 높은 값을 나타냈다(동결 전: 908 g). 또한 SIF는 드립 손실 감소 및 보수력 유지 측면에서도 우수한 결과를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 동결이 식감에 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 분석하고, 슬러리아이스 기술의 적용 가능성을 확인하는 기초자료가 된다.
제2장에서는 동결에 의한 조직손상 및 식감 저하 메커니즘을 규명하기 위하여 동결이 넙치 근육조직에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 Slide scanner, SDS-PAGE, UV 및 형광분광기, 라만분광기 등 다양한 분석기기를 활용하였다. 동결 전 필렛은 근섬유가 조밀하고 세포 간 거리가 짧은 구조를 보였으나, AF 동결군은 근섬유 내외부에 크고 불규칙한 빙결정이 형성되어 심각한 조직 손상이 관찰되었다. 반면, SIF는 미세한 빙결정이 균일하게 형성되어 조직 손상이 비교적 적었다.
또한 동결 시 용질 농축 현상에 따른 pH 감소 및 이온 강도 증가는 단백질의 구조적 안정성을 약화시켜 물리적 손상과 함께 단백질 응집 및 변성을 촉진하였다. 이는 SDS-PAGE 분석을 통해 미오신 및 액틴의 분해로 이어졌고, 형광분광 분석에서는 트립토판 형광광도 감소와 함께 표면 소수성이 증가하였다. 라만 분광 분석 결과, α-helix 감소 및 random coil 증가가 나타나 동결에 따른 2차 구조 변화를 확인할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 결과는 동결로 인한 식감 저하의 구조적 메커니즘을 과학적으로 규명하였다.
마지막 제3장에서는 동결에 의한 식품 저하를 개선하기 위한 전처리 기술을 개발하고자 트레할로스(5%)와 수용성 칼슘(1%)을 활용한 침지 및 진공함침 처리를 수행하였다. 트레할로스는 단백질과 수소결합을 형성하여 구조를 안정화시키고, 수용성 칼슘은 칼슘이온을 통해 단백질 간 결합을 강화시킴으로써 조직의 물리적 강도를 유지하는 데 기여한다. 그 결과, 트레할로스 처리군은 비처리군 대비 약 18%의 식감(파괴강도)의 개선 효과를 보였으며, 이는 식감 유지에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다.
따라서 본 연구를 통해 슬러리아이스 동결 기술이 넙치회의 조직 손상 및 식감 저하를 줄이는 데 효과적이며, 냉동회 가공 기술로서 산업적 활용 가능성이 높음을 확인하였다. 특히 초밥, 회덮밥 등 다양한 글로벌 식문화와 가정간편식 시장 확대에 부응할 수 있는 기반 기술로 활용될 수 있으며, 넙치 소비 정체 문제 해소 및 수출 확대 전략에 실질적인 기여가 가능할 것으로 기대된다.| This study was conducted to find a solution to the social issue of stagnant consumption and increased export of olive flounder, which is the most widely cultured fish species in Korea. The slurry ice freezing method was applied to flounder fillets to analyze the changes in quality characteristics and texture deterioration mechanisms during freezing storage, and to mitigate the texture deterioration caused by freezing.
In 2024, the total production volume of fish cultivated in Korea’s aquaculture was estimated to be approximately 80,000 tons, with a production value of approximately $8.49 billion. Flounder accounts for a production volume of 40,000 tons and a production value of approximately $4.79 billion, making up 56% of the total aquaculture industry. Korea is the world's largest producer and exporter of flounder, which highlights its significant role in the global aquaculture industry. However, the consumption pattern which focuses on sliced raw fish (sashimi) has led to stagnation in domestic consumption and production, raising concerns about the lack of processing technologies suitable for long-distance distribution. As the demand for sushi and home meal replacement (HMR) has increased recently and the culture of enjoying raw fish has spread worldwide, the need for the development of frozen raw fish products that consider long-distance distribution and freshness maintenance is increasing. Therefore, in order to increase the competitiveness of the flounder industry, processing diversification through freezing and quality stabilization technology is essential. So, this study aimed to analyze the mechanism of quality changes and texture deterioration during freezing storage by applying slurry ice freezing to flounder fillets, thereby suggesting the possibility of developing high-quality frozen flounder products.
In Chapter 1, the frozen fillet was manufactured using slurry ice freezing (SIF), and the quality changes during the freezing period were evaluated in comparison with the conventional air blast freezing method (AF). As a result of the analysis, most changes in freshness indicators (ATP-related substances, K value) and nutritional components (vitamin A, vitamin E, and fatty acid composition) of the fillet were not significantly different from those before freezing. However, although the texture was reduced compared to pre-freezing, the breaking strength of SIF-treated fillet after 7 days of freezing was 571 g, which was 16% higher than that of AF (before freezing 908 g → SIF 571 g, AF 430 g). Furthermore, SIF showed improved results in drip loss and water-holding capacity. Overall, this provides a basis for understanding the mechanism of texture deterioration caused by freezing.
Chapter 2 focused on confirming the impact of freezing on tissue by using a slide scanner, SDS-PAGE, UV spectrometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. These analyses aimed to elucidate the mechanism of texture degradation induced by the formation of ice crystals. According to the analysis, the fillets exhibited a dense muscle fiber structure with narrow intercellular spaces before freezing. After freezing, fine and uniformly distributed ice crystals were observed inside the muscle fibers in the SIF samples, whereas the AF samples showed large and irregular ice crystals formed both inside and outside the muscle fibers, resulting in structural damage. In addition, the decrease in pH and increase in ionic strength due to solute concentration during the freezing process further weakened the structural stability of the protein, which acted as a factor promoting protein aggregation and denaturation along with physical damage induced by ice crystals. This tissue degeneration led to the decomposition of myosin and actin in the myofibrillar proteins, resulting in a decrease in the fluorescence intensity of tryptophan in the tertiary structure, which indicates protein unfolding and an increase in surface hydrophobicity. In terms of secondary structure, a decrease in α-helix and an increase in random coil were observed. This explains the reasons for texture deterioration during freezing.
In Chapter 3, trehalose (5%) and water-soluble calcium (1%) were applied to develop a method to minimize texture change due to freezing. Trehalose stabilizes protein structures by forming hydrogen bonds with amino acid residues and partially replacing water, while calcium ions from water-soluble calcium can bind to proteins and enhance structural strength. To effectively treat the high-density tissue of olive flounder, vacuum pressure impregnation and immersion methods were applied. As a result, the trehalose immersion process improved texture by approximately 18%.
This study demonstrated that slurry ice freezing technology not only improves the texture of frozen olive flounder fillet but also has potential for industrial application as a frozen processed product. In particular, it aligns with current market trends such as the growing demand for sushi, sashimi rice bowls, and home meal replacements, making value-added processing feasible. This approach is expected to help alleviate stagnation in domestic consumption and promote export expansion, thereby contributing to the advancement of the olive flounder industry and the frozen food sector.
- Author(s)
- 권가연
- Issued Date
- 2025
- Awarded Date
- 2025-08
- Type
- Dissertation
- Keyword
- Slurry ice freezing, Air blast freezing, Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, Ice crystal formation, Texture deterioration, Protein denaturation, Frozen quality improvement, Frozen storage
- Publisher
- 국립부경대학교 대학원
- URI
- https://repository.pknu.ac.kr:8443/handle/2021.oak/34283
http://pknu.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000904230
- Alternative Author(s)
- Ga Yeon Kwon
- Affiliation
- 국립부경대학교 대학원
- Department
- 대학원 식품공학과
- Advisor
- Kil Bo Shim
- Table Of Contents
- Chapter 1. Comparison of quality characteristics of frozen olive flounder fillet by freezing method 1
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2. Materials and methods 6
1.2.1. Sample preparation 6
1.2.2. Freezing process of slurry ice freezing and air blast freezing 6
1.2.3. Freezing and thawing curve 10
1.2.4. Proximate composition 10
1.2.5. Color 11
1.2.6. Texture profile analysis 11
1.2.7. ATP-related compounds and K-value 11
1.2.7.1. Extraction of ATP-related compounds 11
1.2.7.2. Condition of HPLC 12
1.2.8. Vitamin A and E contents 12
1.2.8.1. Extraction of Vitamin A and E 12
1.2.8.2. Condition of HPLC 13
1.2.9. Fatty acid composition 14
1.2.9.1. Extraction of total lipids 14
1.2.9.2. Methyl esterification 14
1.2.9.3. Condition of GC-FID 15
1.2.10. Statistical analysis 15
1.3. Results and discussion 16
1.3.1. Freezing and thawing curve 16
1.3.2. Physicochemical and nutritional properties by freezing method 18
1.3.2.1. Proximate composition 18
1.3.2.2. Color 21
1.3.2.3. Texture profile analysis 23
1.3.2.4. ATP related compounds and K-value 30
1.3.2.5. Vitamin A and E contents 34
1.3.2.6. Fatty acids composition 37
Chapter 2. Structural mechanism of texture deterioration by freezing 46
2.1. Introduction 47
2.2. Materials and methods 49
2.2.1. Sample preparation 49
2.2.2. Observation of ice crystal microstructure 49
2.2.3. Expressible drip 49
2.2.4. Water holding capacity 50
2.2.5. pH value 50
2.2.6. Characterization of muscle protein 50
2.2.6.1. Myofibrillar protein preparation 50
2.2.6.2. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 51
2.2.6.3. Surface hydrophobicity 52
2.2.6.4. Tertiary structure 52
2.2.6.5. Secondary structure 53
2.2.7. Statistical analysis 53
2.3. Results and discussion 54
2.3.1. Observation of ice crystal microstructure 54
2.3.2. Expressible drip and water holding capacity 54
2.3.3. pH value 60
2.3.4. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 60
2.3.5. Surface hydrophobicity 65
2.3.6. Tertiary structure 68
2.3.7. Secondary structure 71
2.3.8. Mechanism of texture deterioration by freezing 73
Chapter 3. Texture improvement of frozen olive flounder fillet using pre-treatment freezing 76
3.1. Introduction 77
3.2. Materials and methods 80
3.2.1. Sample preparation 80
3.2.2. Pre-treatment freezing process 80
3.2.3. Physicochemical properties of frozen flounder fillet according to pre-treatment methods 80
3.2.3.1. Color. 83
3.2.3.2. Texture profile analysis 83
3.2.3.3. Observation of ice crystal microstructure 83
3.2.3.4. Expressible drip 83
3.2.3.5 Water holding capacity 83
3.2.4. Statistical analysis 83
3.3. Results and discussion 84
3.3.1. Color 84
3.3.2. Texture profile analysis 86
3.3.3. Observation of ice crystal microstructure 91
3.3.4. Expressible drip and water holding capacity 94
3.3.5. Freezing quality effect of olive flounder fillet treated with pre-freezing treatments 98
4. Conclusion 100
5. References 103
Abstract in Korean 112
- Degree
- Master
-
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