Enhancing the Functional Potential of Sargassum yezoense through Metabolomics-Based Bioactive Compound Profiling and Heavy Metal Removal
- Abstract
- 덤불 모자반 (Sargassum yezoense)는 플로로탄닌 (phlorotannins) 및 메로터페노이드 (meroterpenoids) 등 다양한 생리활성 물질을 풍부하게 함유하고 있어 기능성 식품, 의약품, 화장품 개발을 위한 유망한 해양 자원으로 평가받고 있다. 그러나 이 해조류는 비소(arsenic)를 포함한 유해 중금속을 고농도로 함유하고 있어 안전한 응용에 제한이 있다. 본 연구는 기능성 성분의 효율적인 추출과 동시에 중금속 오염을 최소화하는 전략을 제시하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 에탄올 농도(0%–100%)를 달리한 11 종의 용매를 사용하여 초음파 조건 하에서 추출을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 30%, 40%, 50% 에탄올 추출물은 DPPH, ABTS, FRAP 분석에서 우수한 항산화 활성을 나타냈고, 80% 에탄올 추출물은 DCFDA 분석을 통해 세포 내 항산화 활성이 가장 뛰어난 것으로 확인되었다. 대사체 분석(UPLC- ESI-QTOF-MS/MS)을 통해, 30% 에탄올 추출물은 플로로탄닌이 풍부하고, 80% 에탄올 추출물은 SHQA, SCM, SQA 와 같은 메로터페노이드가 높은 수준으로 존재함을 확인하였다. 플로로탄닌은 주로 세포 외부의 활성산소(ROS)를 효과적으로 제거하였으며, 메로터페노이드는 세포 내부에서의 항산화 활성에 더 효과적이었다. 이에 따라, 메로터페노이드를 풍부하게 포함하는 80% 에탄올 추출물을 대상으로 후속 정제 실험을 수행하였다. 특히, n-헥산과 물을 이용한 액-액 분배 추출법을 통해 메로터페노이드를 효율적으로 농축하면서 동시에 추출물 내 비소 함량을 유의미하게 저감할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 덤불 모자반의 기능성 성분 활용 극대화와 함께 중금속 저감화를 통한 안전성 확보라는 두 가지 과제를 통합적으로 해결하는 전략을 제시하였으며, 향후 안전하고 기능성 높은 해양 유래 제품의 개발에 이론적 및 실용적 기반을 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.|Sargassum yezoense is a promising marine resource rich in functional compounds such as phlorotannins and meroterpenoids, making it a valuable raw material for the development of functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. However, its high natural content of toxic heavy metals, particularly arsenic, limits its safe application. This study aims to develop a strategy for the efficient extraction of bioactive compounds while minimizing heavy metal contamination. To achieve green and efficient extraction, Sargassum was treated with 11 different ethanol concentrations (0%–100%) under ultrasonic conditions. Among these, the 30%, 40%, and 50% ethanol extracts showed the strongest in vitro antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP), while the 80% ethanol extract exhibited superior cellular antioxidant activity (DCFDA). Metabolomic analysis using UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS revealed that the 30% ethanol extract was rich in phlorotannins, whereas the 80% extract contained higher levels of meroterpenoids such as SHQA, SCM, and SQA. Phlorotannins were found to be more effective in scavenging extracellular ROS, while meroterpenoids showed greater efficacy in intracellular antioxidant activity. Based on these findings, 80% ethanol extract was selected for further purification. To simultaneously enrich meroterpenoids and reduce arsenic content, a multi-step liquid–liquid extraction using n-hexane and water was conducted. This approach effectively concentrated the target meroterpenoids while significantly lowering the arsenic levels. Overall, this study provides an integrated strategy for maximizing the utilization of functional compounds in Sargassum while ensuring safety by reducing heavy metal content, thereby supporting its potential in the development of functional and safe marine-based products.
- Author(s)
- MIAO YU
- Issued Date
- 2025
- Awarded Date
- 2025-08
- Type
- Dissertation
- Keyword
- Sargassum yezoense,antioxidant,phlorotannins,meroterpenoids,heavy metal
- Publisher
- 국립부경대학교 대학원
- URI
- https://repository.pknu.ac.kr:8443/handle/2021.oak/34315
http://pknu.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000905036
- Alternative Author(s)
- MIAO YU
- Affiliation
- 국립부경대학교 대학원
- Department
- 대학원 스마트그린기술융합공학과
- Advisor
- Sang Gil Lee
- Table Of Contents
- Chapter Ⅰ. Toward Safe and Functional Utilization of Sargassum: Meroterpenoids Recovery and Heavy Metal Risk Management 1
Ⅰ.1. Introduction 1
Ⅰ.2. Bioactive compounds in Sargassum spp.: classification, biological activities, extraction, and analytical techniques 2
Ⅰ.2.1. Types of bioactive compounds in Sargassum 2
Ⅰ.2.1.1. Phlorotannins 2
Ⅰ.2.1.2. Phenolic acids 2
Ⅰ.2.1.3. Flavonoids 3
Ⅰ.2.1.4. Terpenoids 3
Ⅰ.2.3. Extraction of bioactive compounds 6
Ⅰ.2.3.1 Pretreatment 6
Ⅰ.2.3.2. Extraction methods 7
Ⅰ.2.3.2.1. Traditional methods 11
Ⅰ.2.3.2.2. Green extraction techniques and their limitations 12
Ⅰ.2.4. Factors affecting extraction efficiency 15
Ⅰ.2.4.1 Type and ratio of extraction solvents 15
Ⅰ.2.4.2. Extraction temperature 16
Ⅰ.2.4.3. Extraction time 16
Ⅰ.2.4.4. Other influencing factors 16
Ⅰ.2.5. Detection and quantification of bioactive compounds 17
Ⅰ.2.5.1. Activity-based measurement 17
Ⅰ.2.5.1.1. Folin–Ciocalteu method (FC) 17
Ⅰ.2.5.1.2. Total flavonoid content (TFC) 18
Ⅰ.2.5.1.3. Total phlorotannin content 18
Ⅰ.2.5.1.4. Chemical antioxidant assays 18
Ⅰ.2.5.1.5 Cell-based antioxidant assays 19
Ⅰ.2.5.2. Modern analytical techniques 20
Ⅰ.2.5.2.1. Chromatographic methods 20
Ⅰ.2.5.2.2. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). 22
Ⅰ.2.5.2.3. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) 22
Ⅰ.3. Heavy metal accumulation in Sargassum 23
Ⅰ.3.1. Potential impact of heavy metal accumulation on the development of functional applications 23
Ⅰ.3.2. Mechanisms of accumulation and major toxic heavy metals in Sargassum 23
Ⅰ.3.2.1 Mechanisms of accumulation 23
Ⅰ.3.2.2 Types and concentrations of major toxic heavy metals in Sargassum 26
Ⅰ.3.3. Extraction methods of heavy metals in seaweeds 28
Ⅰ.3.3.1 Total heavy metal extraction 28
Ⅰ.3.3.2 Arsenic speciation extraction in Sargassum 28
Ⅰ.3.4. Heavy metal detection methods 31
Ⅰ.3.5. Strategies for heavy metal removal in Sargassum 31
Ⅰ.4. Conclusion and future perspectives 32
Ⅰ.5. References 34
Chapter Ⅱ. Unveiling Antioxidant Discrepancies in Sargassum yezoense via Metabolomics: Phlorotannins vs. Meroterpenoids in Chemical and Cellular Systems 47
Ⅱ.1. Introduction 48
Ⅱ.2. Materials and Methods 50
Ⅱ.2.1. Materials 50
Ⅱ.2.2. Sample preparation 50
Ⅱ.2.3. Total antioxidant activities 50
Ⅱ.2.3.1. DPPH· radical scavenging activity 50
Ⅱ.2.3.2 ABTS·+ radical cation scavenging activity. 51
Ⅱ.2.3.3 Ferric-ion reducing antioxidant power 51
Ⅱ.2.4 Cell Culture 51
Ⅱ.2.5 Cell viability under oxidative stress 51
Ⅱ.2.6 Detection of Intracellular Reactive Oxidative Stress (ROS) 52
Ⅱ.2.7. Nontargeted metabolomics analysis 52
Ⅱ.2.8 Determination of total polyphenol content by the Folin–Ciocalteu method 53
Ⅱ.2.9. Determination of total phlorotannin content by DMBA method 54
Ⅱ.2.10. Quantification of meroterpenoids 54
Ⅱ.2.11. Statistical analysis 54
Ⅱ.3. Results 55
Ⅱ.3.1. Overall yield and chemical antioxidant activity of extracts 55
Ⅱ.3.2 Intracellular antioxidant capacity 59
Ⅱ.3.3. Tentative identification of metabolite profiles from Sargassum yezoense 61
Ⅱ.3.3.1. Multivariate analysis 61
Ⅱ.3.2.2. Major metabolites 63
Ⅱ.3.4. Quantification of key components 70
Ⅱ.4. Discussion 73
Ⅱ.5. Conclusions 75
Ⅱ.6. References 76
Chapter Ⅲ. Improving Safety and Functional Quality of Sargassum yezoense Ethanolic Extracts through Liquid–Liquid Extraction: Arsenic Removal and Meroterpenoid Concentration 96
Ⅲ.1. Introduction 97
Ⅲ.2. Materials and methods 100
Ⅲ.2.1. Materials 100
Ⅲ.2.2. Sample preparation 100
Ⅲ.2.3. Liquid-Liquid extraction (LLE) 100
Ⅲ.2.4. Instrumentation 103
Ⅲ.2.5. Sample digestion 104
Ⅲ.2.5.1. Digestion of S. yezoense Samples 104
Ⅲ.2.5.2. Digestion of extracts 104
Ⅲ.2.6. Extraction of arsenic species 104
Ⅲ.2.7. Quantification of meroterpenoids 104
Ⅲ.2.8. Statistical analysis 105
Ⅲ.3. Result and discussion 105
Ⅲ.3.1. Heavy metal concentrations in dried S. yezoense 105
Ⅲ.3.2. Amounts of extracts in different phases after multiple extraction steps 109
Ⅲ.3.3. Quantification of total arsenic in sequential extraction phases 113
Ⅲ.3.4. Determination of meroterpenoids in hexane phase across extraction cycles 116
Ⅲ.4. Conclusions 118
Ⅲ.5. References 120
- Degree
- Master
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