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Carboxybutyryl화 된 Glucosamine 및 Oligosaccharides 유도체들의 NF-κB 와 AP-1 Signaling Pathway를 경유한 항염증 효능에 대한 연구

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Alternative Title
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Carboxybutyrylated Derivatives of Glucosamine and Chitooligosaccharides via NF-κB and AP-1 Signaling Pathways
Abstract
본 연구에서는 carboxybutyrylated glucosamine (CGlc)과 결합한 새로운 carboxybutyrylated chitooligosaccharide 유도체(CCOS)를 합성하였으며,이들 유도체의 항염증 작용을 확인하였다. 이들 유도체들은 여러가지 세포주들을 이용하여 세포독성을 측정하였으며, 그 결과 각 세포들에 대하여 세포증식능을 보였으나 세포독성은 나타내지 않았다. 특히 이 유도체들은 마우스 대식세포주 RAW264.7세포에서 세균유래 LPS에 대한 반응으로 생성되는 염증성 물질인 nitric oxide (NO)와 PGE₂ 생성 및 이와 관련한 효소발현(예:iNOS와 COX-2)을 억제시켰다. NF-κB관련 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) 신호 전달과정에서 ERK를 제외한 p38 MAPK 과 JNK 신호단백질의 발현이 감소하면 이로인해 NF-κB 발현이 억제됨으로서 nitric oxide (NO)와 PGE₂ 와 같은 염증매개물질의 생성이 억제됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한 중요한 염증매개물질인 TNF-α, IL-1β와 prostaglandin E₂ 생성은 CCOS 와 CGlc에 의해 뚜렷하게 감소되었으며, 이러한 사실은 NF-κB을 활성화에 관여하는 IKK 신호단백질을 억제함으로서 나타나는 결과로 보여진다.
결론적으로 이들 유도체들은 세포에서 강력한 라디칼 소거능을 나타내었으며, 라디칼에 의한 NF-κB 발현을 억제할 수 있다는 사실을 나타낸다. 또한 AP-1 전사인자 발현을 감소시킴으로서 만성염증반응(chronic inflammatory events)으로 인해 형성된 암세포에서 많이 발현되는 MMP-2 와 MMP-9 유전자 발현을 억제시킨다는 사실을 확인하였다.
Novel derivatives of chitooligosaccharides (CCOS) and glucosamine (CGlc) were synthesized and their potential to act as anti-inflammatory agents was evaluated. These carboxybutyrylated compounds showed no adverse effects as tested by cytotoxicity and cytocompatibility assay using different cell lines. Both derivatives inhibited production of major inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and the expression of corresponding enzymes, including iNOS and COX-2 in RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Studies on the protein-level expression of signaling molecules in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) pathway revealed that above effects were due to downregulation of NF-κB by attenuated expression of p38 MAPK and JNK but not ERK. In addition,production of major inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 was inhibited by both CCOS and CGlc derivatives. Down-regulation of IKK which activates NF-κB was suggested as a possible mechanism. These materials also down-regulated the transcription factor AP-1 and inhibited MMP-2 and MMP-9 subsequently. Moreover, both compounds exhibited potent radical scavenging properties in leukocytes, and thus inhibition of radical-mediated expression of NF-κB was suggested.
Author(s)
라자팍세
Issued Date
2007
Awarded Date
2007. 2
Type
Dissertation
Keyword
Inflammation Glucosamine Chitooligosaccharides NF-κB Activator protein
Publisher
부경대학교 대학원
URI
https://repository.pknu.ac.kr:8443/handle/2021.oak/3452
http://pknu.dcollection.net/jsp/common/DcLoOrgPer.jsp?sItemId=000001953320
Alternative Author(s)
R. P. N. P. Rajapakse
Affiliation
부경대학교 대학원
Department
대학원 화학과
Advisor
김세권
Table Of Contents
Chapter 1 Inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 by Carboxybutyrylated Glucosamine and Carboxybutyrylated Chitooligosaccharides = 1
Introduction = 2
NF-κB and AP-1: Major transcription factors involve in inflammatory gene expression = 2
MAPK signals that activate NF-κB and AP-1 = 4
Impacts of transcriptional activation of NF-κB and AP-1 in inflammation = 6
NF-κB: A potential molecule of anti-inflammatory drugs = 8
Nitric oxide and cyclooxygenases in inflammation = 9
Chitosan derivatives as candidates for anti-inflammatory compounds = 12
Research objectives = 13
Materials and Methods = 14
1. Materials = 14
2. Instrumental analysis = 14
3.1. Synthesis of carboxybutyrylated COS (CCOS) = 15
3.2. Synthesis of carboxybutyrylated glucosamine (CGlc) = 16
4. Determination of degree of substitution of carboxybutyryl group = 17
5. Culture of animal cells = 18
6. Assessment of cell viability by MTT assay = 18
7. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry = 19
8. Assessment of cellular NO production = 19
9. Assessment of COX-2 production = 19
10. IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α immunoassays = 20
11. RT-PCR = 21
12. NF-κB reporter gene assay = 21
13. Western blotting = 22
14. Statistical analysis = 23
Results and Discussion = 24
1. Synthesis and structural confirmation of CCOS and CGlc = 24
2. Cytocompatibility of CCOS and CGlc = 34
3. Inhibition of NO production by CCOS and CGlc = 43
4. Attenuation of PGE2 level in RAW264.7 cells inhibits COX-2 production = 49
5. CCOS and CGlc inhibited iNOS and COX-2 protein expressions = 52
6. CCOS and CGlc inhibited inflammatory cytokines augmenting the anti-inflammatory response = 57
7. Both CCOS and CGlc inhibited NF-κB expression following stimulation with LPS or TNF-α = 61
8. Summary = 69
References = 72
Chapter 2 Inhibition of Radical-Mediated Oxidation of Cellular Biomolecules and NF-κB Expression by Carboxybutyrylated Glucosamine and Carboxybutyrylated Chitooligosaccharides = 83
Introduction = 84
Lipid oxidation = 85
Protein oxidation = 86
DNA oxidation = 87
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) = 88
Materials and Methods = 89
1. Materials = 89
2. Detection of membrane lipid peroxidation by DPPP fluorescence assay = 89
3. Membrane protein oxidation assay = 89
4. Genomic DNA isolation = 90
5. DNA oxidation assay = 91
6. Determination of intracellular ROS by DCFH-DA assay = 91
7. Assessment of cellular GSH level = 92
8. Myeloperoxidase activity assay = 92
9. NF-κB reporter gene assay = 93
10. Statistical analysis = 93
Results and Discussion = 94
1. Effect of CCOS and CGlc on inhibition of membrane lipid peroxidation = 94
2. Inhibition of membrane protein oxidation by CCOS and CGlc = 97
3. DNA oxidation inhibition potential of CGlc = 100
4. Detection of cellular free radicals by DCFH-DA = 102
5. Regulation of cellular GSH level by CCOS and CGlc = 105
6. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitory effects of CCOS and CGlc = 107
7. Radical-induced activation of NF-κB was inhibited by CCOS and CGlc = 109
8. Summary = 111
References = 112
Chapter 3. Inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by Carboxybutyrylated Chitooligosaccharides and Carboxybutyrylated Glucosamine = 117
Introduction = 118
Classification of MMP family = 118
Immune cells and expression of matrix metalloproteinase = 122
MMPs induce cancer during chronic inflammations = 124
Materials and Methods = 126
1. Materials = 126
2. Assessment of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions by gelatin zymography = 126
3. Determination of MMP activity by fluorescence-conjugated gelatin assay = 127
4. AP-1 reporter gene assay = 127
5. Western blot analysis = 128
6. Cell invasion and mobility assay = 128
7. Statistical analysis = 129
Results and Discussion = 130
1. CCOSs inhibited MMP-2 and MMP-9 in HT1080 cells = 130
2. CCOSs down-regulate MMP-9 gene transcription = 136
3. CCOSs down-regulate MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein expressions = 138
4. Inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9 is mediated by down-regulation of NF-κB and AP-1 transcription = 140
5. Down-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions inhibits invasiveness of HT1080 cells = 143
6. Summary = 146
References = 147
Degree
Doctor
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대학원 > 공업화학과
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