티베트 3.14사건 발생배경과 국가.민족의 역학구조변화

Abstract

Background to the March 14 Tibet incident and the changes in the dynamic structures of state and nation - Focus on the Chinese government and Tibetan nation

Kim, Bok Su

Major in Chinese Studies Graduate School of International Studies Pukyoung National University

Abstract China attaches importance to unification of each ethnic as a multi-ethnic nation composed of the Han ethnic and 55 minority groups. Unification of ethnics in China means a unified country centered on the Han ethnic with other ethnics unified as one ethnic of China. Many minority groups already became included in the Chinese ethnic or are becoming one. However, partial rigid minority groups including Tibetans are refusing to be unified, not to mention becoming Chinese, and continuing inconvenient co-existence. The 1st armed uprising which generated numerous casualties and damage failed, and among them, Dalai Lama the 14th and his followers escaped to India and established a refugee government, and is continuing movements for the independence of Tibet. And by establishing overseas branches of refugee government in each nation in the world, it took active participation in the demonstration of the March 14 incident while contributing to informing the international society of Tibet…s independence movement, human rights problem, environmental problem, and etc. And even within Tibet, because complains overflowed towards many fields of policy, it influenced much in the occurrence of the March 14 incident. Among them, viewing some aspects which become the main reason, first, as the Chinese government thoughtlessly performed the emigration policy of the Han ethnic, after 1990, the number the Han ethnic reached 7.5 million and Tibetans gradually became a minority group. And it is providing residential support, utilization and distribution of culture and education facility, and etc to the emigrated Han ethnic which is a better privilege than what they provide to the Tibetans, and also it is providing exemption of taxation and the privilege of low interest loan to Chinese businessmen. Second, regarding language education policy, double language education is gradually changing into Chinese education, and it is becoming more difficult to get a job if they do not master Chinese language, and also they are having disadvantage in one…s social life, and even the children are being prohibited from having Tibetan name. Third, the execution of the great west development by utilizing the abundant resource of the west to seek balanced development between the east and the west brought much economic growth and change in the Tibet area, but it showed a strange phenomena, which is the emigrated Han ethnic gaining the privilege of the actually followed economic wealth, and also, as the natural environment and the traditional culture severely damaged due to thoughtless development, the conflict and enmity between Tibetans and the emigrated Han ethnic deepened. Meanwhile, after the March 14 incident, China also considered political measures for preventing recurrence of the demand for separation and independence of the rigid minority ethnics including Tibet. Especially, regarding Tibet, as cultural policy, it issued a Tibetan language version of the People…s Daily newspaper and also opened a radio broadcasting station using Tibetan language and enabled security of its system and the function of figuring out how well the notice of the party？Egovernment is delivered to the people. In addition, to prevent thoughtless mobilization of governmental authority even in trivial demonstrations of minority groups, it ceased the local government…s dogmatic decision of sending in the law, and revised the law so that it would mobilize armed police in demonstrations after gaining permission from the central government. Regarding policy in religion, it strengthened its suffocation. It is because religion in Tibet is the daily life and is absolute, and with such specialty and cohesion, the leading group of demonstrations is mainly the monks, and in the center, there is always the refugee government of Tibet and the greatest leader of Buddhism, Dalai Lama the 14th. Therefore, as a series of the plan for suppressing religion, it even strengthened the system of registration regarding religious activity and the policy of managing Tibetan temple. Despite the series of the Chinese government…s changed political measures for reconciling the rigid minority group including Tibet, it is a reality that it is not showing clear effect. And because Dalai Lama the 14th, the absolute leader of the Tibetan ethnic and the greatest obstacle of the Chinese government, is appealing the complete self-governing of Tibet to the international society and demanding it to the Chinese government rather than the independence of Tibet, even after the March 14 incident in 2008, it is a reality that problems between the Chinese government and Tibet are scattered.